Based on a drought process in the Hulunbuir prairie from spring to summer in 2017, the monitoring results of various meteorological drought indexes (Pa30, SPI30, SPEI30, CI, MCI) and the Vegetation Status Index from April to September in 2017 are analyzed and compared by using the data of air temperature, precipitation and MODIS NDV of 6 meteorological stations. The results show that meteorological drought indexes (Pa30 and SPI30), which consider only precipitation, fluctuated greatly in April, which cannot reflect the impact of high temperature and other meteorological conditions on drought development. Due to the introduction of meteorological elements in CI and MCI calculation for multiperiods of time and the prolonged light drought while droughts alleviating, and the relatively rapid recovery of vegetation after the increase of precipitation, a large difference between vegetation and monitoring during drought remission are resulted in. The correlation between MCI and VCI in the same and previous periods is the best, and that between SPEI30 and VCI in the first two periods is good, and the correlation between Meteorological Drought Index and VCI, which considers only precipitation, is generally worse. With a longer response time for vegetation, SPEI30 is more suitable for the early warning of prairie ecological droughts.