The construction of automatic weather stations in encrypted areas and the arrangement of observation equipment at key flood control monitoring points enable real-time meteorological observation data at the minute level in the national and provincial data environments in real-time, and are widely used in the services of real monitoring, forecasting and early warning, realising the effective connection between observation and application. However, due to the fact that most regional automatic weather stations are deployed in the field, the imperfect observation environment leads to a high failure rate of the stations, which restricts the business application of observation data. Especially at the key time points of flood control, the abnormal network communication causes the meteorological monitoring data collected by these regional automatic weather stations to be unable to transmit normally, which impacts the deployment decision of flood control and disaster reduction. At present, the conventional meteorological observation station equipment data communication protocols are developed based on UDP and TCP, and the operation of these communication protocols is not ideal under the unstable network environment. According to statistics, the data communication failures of meteorological stations caused by the instability of wireless networks in the observation environment account for more than 90% of the total failures of conventional meteorological observation stations. Therefore, based on the Internet of Things message queue telemetry transmission protocol (MQTT), a data transmission protocol of regional automatic weather stations that can adapt to the unstable wireless network is designed, and the network disconnection and reconnection mechanism is designed. The communication module can respond to the unstable 4G/5G network in time. At the same time, the data packet can be uniformly processed, and a variety of data compression technologies are combined to reduce invalid data transmission, reduce network resource consumption, and reduce the size of uploaded data packets. The embedded programming technology is used to implement the communication protocol and data compression in the data communication module, and realise the data communication based on MQTT at the station end. To solve the problem that there are many faults in data transmission of regional automatic weather stations due to the instability of wireless networks in towns, mountains and other areas, achieve low network overhead and low network dependence in data transmission of conventional meteorological observation stations, increase the status monitoring transmission protocol, achieve the acquisition of multiple status data of equipment, and finally realise the real-time monitoring of equipment and intelligent fault identification. Through business use, it has a very positive effect on the long-term stable operation of the regional automatic weather station system using a solar power supply system, and greatly improves the data transmission speed and transmission quality of regional automatic weather stations.