Volume 32,Issue 5,2004 Table of Contents
2004, 32(5):305-310.
Abstract:
从一维湍流能量平衡方程出发,回顾了近几十年湍流能量平衡方程中的各项以及Karman常数k的研究成果,总结了大气边界层湍流能量交换特征的研究概况和热点问题,并对今后发展趋势做了展望。实验研究表明,湍流能量平衡方程中的各项在不同条件下有不同的形式;传统的能量产生和耗散的局地平衡假设存在不足,特别是在不稳定条件下,垂直的湍流输运和压力脉动对湍流能量收支起了非常重要的作用。Karman常数与Rossby数和Reynolds数无关,在比较光滑的下垫面上k近似等于040±001。
从一维湍流能量平衡方程出发,回顾了近几十年湍流能量平衡方程中的各项以及Karman常数k的研究成果,总结了大气边界层湍流能量交换特征的研究概况和热点问题,并对今后发展趋势做了展望。实验研究表明,湍流能量平衡方程中的各项在不同条件下有不同的形式;传统的能量产生和耗散的局地平衡假设存在不足,特别是在不稳定条件下,垂直的湍流输运和压力脉动对湍流能量收支起了非常重要的作用。Karman常数与Rossby数和Reynolds数无关,在比较光滑的下垫面上k近似等于040±001。
2004, 32(5):311-315.
Abstract:
A review is given of water vapor transport features over the Meiyu belt along the Yangtze River valley, the teleconncetion dynamic structure of strong signal forcing sources (Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and tropical oceans) for droughts/floods in the Yangtze River valley, and the water vapor transport source/sink structure related with monsoon Meiyu rainfall. Through synthetic analyses, some results are obtained: The dynamic effect of the Plateau contributes to the long distance water vapor transport, turning at the Plateau from lower latitude oceans to the Yangtze River valley. The oceanic strong signals have influence on the regional drought/flood disastrous climate anomaly. As well, the dynamic mechanisms for two dimensional Rossby wave and low frequency wave energy propagation are explored.
A review is given of water vapor transport features over the Meiyu belt along the Yangtze River valley, the teleconncetion dynamic structure of strong signal forcing sources (Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and tropical oceans) for droughts/floods in the Yangtze River valley, and the water vapor transport source/sink structure related with monsoon Meiyu rainfall. Through synthetic analyses, some results are obtained: The dynamic effect of the Plateau contributes to the long distance water vapor transport, turning at the Plateau from lower latitude oceans to the Yangtze River valley. The oceanic strong signals have influence on the regional drought/flood disastrous climate anomaly. As well, the dynamic mechanisms for two dimensional Rossby wave and low frequency wave energy propagation are explored.
2004, 32(5):316-321.
Abstract:
The soil plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Plant root water uptake is an important part of the research on water transforming patterns in SPAC. Concerning the impact of root water uptake from the soil, the current root water uptake models are discussed by three categories: theoretical, semi theoretical and semi empirical, empirical models. It is pointed out that the future research focus will be put on the mechanism research of root water uptake, the modification and improvement of the existing root water uptake models, the simplification of model parameters, and the application in practice.
The soil plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Plant root water uptake is an important part of the research on water transforming patterns in SPAC. Concerning the impact of root water uptake from the soil, the current root water uptake models are discussed by three categories: theoretical, semi theoretical and semi empirical, empirical models. It is pointed out that the future research focus will be put on the mechanism research of root water uptake, the modification and improvement of the existing root water uptake models, the simplification of model parameters, and the application in practice.
2004, 32(5):322-328.
Abstract:
采用η坐标中尺度有限区域模式进行了数字化天气雷达探测降水资料的一维变分(1DVAR)同化试验,结果表明充分利用高时空分辨率的雷达降水资料所包含的丰富的中尺度信息,调整湿度廓线,从而改善模式初始湿度场,能有效提高模式暴雨预报能力。“98·7”鄂东沿江特大暴雨的数值试验结果表明,应用1DVAR方法同化1h雷达降水资料调整模式湿度廓线后,极大地缩小了分析降水与观测降水间的差距,而且24h预报能模拟出与实际降水发生区域相对应的位于鄂东的大暴雨区,而变分前模式预报效果不佳。进一步的分析表明,应用雷达降水资料对短时预报(0～12h)的改进更为显著,而对12h之后降水预报的改善则不明显。
采用η坐标中尺度有限区域模式进行了数字化天气雷达探测降水资料的一维变分(1DVAR)同化试验,结果表明充分利用高时空分辨率的雷达降水资料所包含的丰富的中尺度信息,调整湿度廓线,从而改善模式初始湿度场,能有效提高模式暴雨预报能力。“98·7”鄂东沿江特大暴雨的数值试验结果表明,应用1DVAR方法同化1h雷达降水资料调整模式湿度廓线后,极大地缩小了分析降水与观测降水间的差距,而且24h预报能模拟出与实际降水发生区域相对应的位于鄂东的大暴雨区,而变分前模式预报效果不佳。进一步的分析表明,应用雷达降水资料对短时预报(0～12h)的改进更为显著,而对12h之后降水预报的改善则不明显。
2004, 32(5):329-332.
Abstract:
With Singular Cross Spectrum (SCS) method, the summer precipitation over Hebei Province from 1951 to 2002 and the coupled periodic signals of interaction between key areas in the 500 hPa height field fron February to March in the North Hemisphere were diagnosed and analyzed, and the annual and decadal variation characteristics of the array series were obtained. Based on SCSA and RCCS (Reconstructed Coupled Oscillation Component Series), in conjunction with regression analysis, the prediction model was established, with which the precipitation prediction of summer in Hebei Province was made and the result is satisfactory.
With Singular Cross Spectrum (SCS) method, the summer precipitation over Hebei Province from 1951 to 2002 and the coupled periodic signals of interaction between key areas in the 500 hPa height field fron February to March in the North Hemisphere were diagnosed and analyzed, and the annual and decadal variation characteristics of the array series were obtained. Based on SCSA and RCCS (Reconstructed Coupled Oscillation Component Series), in conjunction with regression analysis, the prediction model was established, with which the precipitation prediction of summer in Hebei Province was made and the result is satisfactory.
2004, 32(5):333-337342.
Abstract:
The intensity indexes of winter atmospheric circulation teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere from 1951/1952 to 2002/2003 were calculated and the secular variation and recent characteristics were analyzed. It is shown that the significant negative trend of WA (Western Atlantic) intensity index and the positive trend of PNA (Pacific/North American) intensity index become stronger in the recent ten years. The abrupt changes of their intensities occurred in the early 1980's when WA pattern weakening and in the middle 1970's when PNA pattern strengthening, respectively. The continued strengthening of the winter zonal circulation intensity and the continued weakening of the winter meridional circulation intensity were observed in the area of Asia and Eurasia in the recent ten years. This interdecadal changes of atmospheric circulation and teleconnection pattern intensity are one of important causes of climate changes over China in winter.
The intensity indexes of winter atmospheric circulation teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere from 1951/1952 to 2002/2003 were calculated and the secular variation and recent characteristics were analyzed. It is shown that the significant negative trend of WA (Western Atlantic) intensity index and the positive trend of PNA (Pacific/North American) intensity index become stronger in the recent ten years. The abrupt changes of their intensities occurred in the early 1980's when WA pattern weakening and in the middle 1970's when PNA pattern strengthening, respectively. The continued strengthening of the winter zonal circulation intensity and the continued weakening of the winter meridional circulation intensity were observed in the area of Asia and Eurasia in the recent ten years. This interdecadal changes of atmospheric circulation and teleconnection pattern intensity are one of important causes of climate changes over China in winter.
2004, 32(5):338-342.
Abstract:
Utilizing monthly average sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1951 to 1994, the correlative periods of SST and severe floods in Hubei Province were identified through lag correlation analysis. The sums of SST at the grid points in key areas were used as forecasting factors intimately associated with the severe floods in Hubei Province. The prediction curves of severe floods for different time periods were built up by using statistic methods. The method worked well in the past eight years in operational application, especially in 1996 and 1998 provided correct trend predictions of floods.
Utilizing monthly average sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1951 to 1994, the correlative periods of SST and severe floods in Hubei Province were identified through lag correlation analysis. The sums of SST at the grid points in key areas were used as forecasting factors intimately associated with the severe floods in Hubei Province. The prediction curves of severe floods for different time periods were built up by using statistic methods. The method worked well in the past eight years in operational application, especially in 1996 and 1998 provided correct trend predictions of floods.
2004, 32(5):343-347.
Abstract:
On the basis of data obtained from the autumn field experiment in Henan County of Qinghai Province and the 3D cloud model of CAMS, the natural cloud development processes were studied. The results show that the precipitation in the experiment areas was mainly determined by cold cloud raining processes and resulted from the melting of graupels into the warm layer; rain water evaporation is the main mechanism of rain water decrease; graupels play an important role in precipitation and their formation is closely related to ice crystals. Ice crystals are the main sources of graupels, which are produced mainly by auto conversion from ice crystal to graupel and a few grow by collection of ice crystals. AgI seeding should be done before ice nucleus largely activated, so rain enhancement can be improved by increasing ice crystals and decreasing super cool water.
On the basis of data obtained from the autumn field experiment in Henan County of Qinghai Province and the 3D cloud model of CAMS, the natural cloud development processes were studied. The results show that the precipitation in the experiment areas was mainly determined by cold cloud raining processes and resulted from the melting of graupels into the warm layer; rain water evaporation is the main mechanism of rain water decrease; graupels play an important role in precipitation and their formation is closely related to ice crystals. Ice crystals are the main sources of graupels, which are produced mainly by auto conversion from ice crystal to graupel and a few grow by collection of ice crystals. AgI seeding should be done before ice nucleus largely activated, so rain enhancement can be improved by increasing ice crystals and decreasing super cool water.
2004, 32(5):348-351.
Abstract:
The macroscopic conditions for the formation of hail clouds are discussed through analyzing the patterns, thermal and hygrometric stratification conditions and local features of mesoscale influencing systems occurred in severe hail days from 1980 to 2000 in the Beijing area. The features of the different influencing systems and their hail shooting characteristics are described. It is found out that the macroscopic formation conditions, source areas and moving tracks for hail clouds have obvious local features. The influencing systems of hail events in Beijing include such weather patterns as Low Trough Cold Front, Mongolia Vortex, Northwest Flow, and Northeast Vortex, within which the Low Trough Cold Front gives the greatest chance for hail shooting and the Northeast Vortex the least.
The macroscopic conditions for the formation of hail clouds are discussed through analyzing the patterns, thermal and hygrometric stratification conditions and local features of mesoscale influencing systems occurred in severe hail days from 1980 to 2000 in the Beijing area. The features of the different influencing systems and their hail shooting characteristics are described. It is found out that the macroscopic formation conditions, source areas and moving tracks for hail clouds have obvious local features. The influencing systems of hail events in Beijing include such weather patterns as Low Trough Cold Front, Mongolia Vortex, Northwest Flow, and Northeast Vortex, within which the Low Trough Cold Front gives the greatest chance for hail shooting and the Northeast Vortex the least.
2004, 32(5):352-356.
Abstract:
Through an experiment of rasterization for 30 year mean air temperature and 1961's mean air temperature data from 617 meteorological stations in China with ARC/INFO and four interpolation methods, it was found that the Kriging method resulted in the highest precision, IDW method the second, Spline method the third, Trend method the lowest. The perennial mean air temperature and annual temperature anomaly can be used to rasterize annual air temperature data. This method will result in less analysis and computation but lower precision compared with the rasterization using annual mean air temperature data only. There is difference between meteorological stations' actual elevation and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) values corresponding to the meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes. Rasterization of air temperature data relies DEM fully. However, the model based on meteorological stations' actual elevation will result in higher precision for rasterization of air temperature data than that based on the DEM values corresponding to meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes.
Through an experiment of rasterization for 30 year mean air temperature and 1961's mean air temperature data from 617 meteorological stations in China with ARC/INFO and four interpolation methods, it was found that the Kriging method resulted in the highest precision, IDW method the second, Spline method the third, Trend method the lowest. The perennial mean air temperature and annual temperature anomaly can be used to rasterize annual air temperature data. This method will result in less analysis and computation but lower precision compared with the rasterization using annual mean air temperature data only. There is difference between meteorological stations' actual elevation and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) values corresponding to the meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes. Rasterization of air temperature data relies DEM fully. However, the model based on meteorological stations' actual elevation will result in higher precision for rasterization of air temperature data than that based on the DEM values corresponding to meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes.
2004, 32(5):357-362.
Abstract:
A quality verification of the day to day radiosonde data of seven stations from May 2002 to April 2003 was conducted and a characteristics analysis was made of temperature and water vapor profiles from radiosonde data in January, April, July and October. Theses profiles were compared with 43 profiles used frequently worldwide in radiative transfer calculation. The results show that atmospheric profiles in China have obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and have little relation with altitude. It is not enough to use the universal 43 profiles in the forward and retrieval calculations in China, so samples from China should be added.
A quality verification of the day to day radiosonde data of seven stations from May 2002 to April 2003 was conducted and a characteristics analysis was made of temperature and water vapor profiles from radiosonde data in January, April, July and October. Theses profiles were compared with 43 profiles used frequently worldwide in radiative transfer calculation. The results show that atmospheric profiles in China have obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and have little relation with altitude. It is not enough to use the universal 43 profiles in the forward and retrieval calculations in China, so samples from China should be added.
2004, 32(5):363-366.
Abstract:
利用风云2号水汽通道的云图进行强对流天气的临近预警，发现每小时1次的风云2号云图对强对流天气有着重要指示作用，尤其水汽图反映了大气中上层的水汽分布，水汽区的活动、干湿区边界、暗区等都与强对流的发生发展有着密切关系，并找出了可以作为临近预警的关键指标，在2003年的几次强对流天气预报中，风云2号云图发挥了很好的作用。
利用风云2号水汽通道的云图进行强对流天气的临近预警，发现每小时1次的风云2号云图对强对流天气有着重要指示作用，尤其水汽图反映了大气中上层的水汽分布，水汽区的活动、干湿区边界、暗区等都与强对流的发生发展有着密切关系，并找出了可以作为临近预警的关键指标，在2003年的几次强对流天气预报中，风云2号云图发挥了很好的作用。
2004, 32(5):367-371.
Abstract:
The operational display and assessment system of refined weather forecast products for Ningxia Aut. Reg. is introduced. The system acquires the refined weather forecast products, the local limited area meso scale numerical forecast model products and real time weather data from the Ningxia meteorological backbone network and displays them in different ways. The evaluation of forecast products in many ways can be objectively conducted in this system. It provides a strong support to the high temporal and density forecasting in Ningxia.
The operational display and assessment system of refined weather forecast products for Ningxia Aut. Reg. is introduced. The system acquires the refined weather forecast products, the local limited area meso scale numerical forecast model products and real time weather data from the Ningxia meteorological backbone network and displays them in different ways. The evaluation of forecast products in many ways can be objectively conducted in this system. It provides a strong support to the high temporal and density forecasting in Ningxia.
2004, 32(5):372-376.
Abstract:
在分析我国农业气象观测资料现状与特点的基础上，提出了制定“全国农业气象资料数据模式”必须遵循的基本原则，即以1993年版的《农业气象观测规范》为依据、以现行“农业气象观测记录年报表”的内容为基础、符合气象行业标准编写要求、具有延续性与可扩展性、面向现代化数据管理和应用服务等，对数据模式的结构和主要技术特点也进行了比较详细的论述。数据模式的研制将有助于现存的农业气象报表资料的数字化以及今后农业气象观测数据的采集、传输和处理自动化的实现。
在分析我国农业气象观测资料现状与特点的基础上，提出了制定“全国农业气象资料数据模式”必须遵循的基本原则，即以1993年版的《农业气象观测规范》为依据、以现行“农业气象观测记录年报表”的内容为基础、符合气象行业标准编写要求、具有延续性与可扩展性、面向现代化数据管理和应用服务等，对数据模式的结构和主要技术特点也进行了比较详细的论述。数据模式的研制将有助于现存的农业气象报表资料的数字化以及今后农业气象观测数据的采集、传输和处理自动化的实现。
2004, 32(5):377-380.
Abstract:
The inquiry and real time monitoring system of agricultural droughts in the Inner Mongolia Region was established by means of technical methods such as GIS, Visual basic and Access,Considering the characteristics of agricultural droughts and dry damage, as well as drought impact on crop growth in the Inner Mongolia Region. It consists of historical drought information, drought index and real time monitoring data in crop growing season from April to September in agricultural areas, and realized the comprehensive inquiry and the real time automatic collection and monitoring of drought information in agricultural areas, as well as the automatic real time processing of meteorological data and analysis assessment of dry damage. At the same time, the system provides the assessment of drought conditions every month and the analysis products of droughts in any time periods. It can offer reliable data for related departments.
The inquiry and real time monitoring system of agricultural droughts in the Inner Mongolia Region was established by means of technical methods such as GIS, Visual basic and Access,Considering the characteristics of agricultural droughts and dry damage, as well as drought impact on crop growth in the Inner Mongolia Region. It consists of historical drought information, drought index and real time monitoring data in crop growing season from April to September in agricultural areas, and realized the comprehensive inquiry and the real time automatic collection and monitoring of drought information in agricultural areas, as well as the automatic real time processing of meteorological data and analysis assessment of dry damage. At the same time, the system provides the assessment of drought conditions every month and the analysis products of droughts in any time periods. It can offer reliable data for related departments.
2004, 32(5):381-383.
Abstract:
In order to simplify data statistic and analysis procedures in editing monthly agrometeorological bulletins for agrometeorological staff, an integrated agrometeorological information system was established by the Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau. By using the system, the data can be managed automatically, and the monthly agrometeorological bulletin can be formed and distributed to the associated stations, so to realize data sharing.
In order to simplify data statistic and analysis procedures in editing monthly agrometeorological bulletins for agrometeorological staff, an integrated agrometeorological information system was established by the Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau. By using the system, the data can be managed automatically, and the monthly agrometeorological bulletin can be formed and distributed to the associated stations, so to realize data sharing.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.