Volume 33,Issue 6,2005 Table of Contents
1 Numerical Study of Circulation Characteristics in Urban Boundary Layer in Stable Weather in Beijing
2005, 33(6):481-486.
Abstract:
采用科罗拉多大学和MRC／ASTER共同开发的区域大气模拟系统（RAMS）对北京地区稳定天气条件下的个例进行数值模拟，通过对数值模拟结果与观测事实的比较以及敏感性试验，分析了北京城市边界层环流特征和环流影响因子在环流发展过程中的作用。结果表明：①在山谷风环流和热岛环流相互作用下形成了北京城市边界层流场特有的局地环流。②热岛中心在决定边界层环流的辐合区位置上起相对较大的作用，边界层环流的强度和发展高度由山谷风强度和热岛强度共同决定。
采用科罗拉多大学和MRC／ASTER共同开发的区域大气模拟系统（RAMS）对北京地区稳定天气条件下的个例进行数值模拟，通过对数值模拟结果与观测事实的比较以及敏感性试验，分析了北京城市边界层环流特征和环流影响因子在环流发展过程中的作用。结果表明：①在山谷风环流和热岛环流相互作用下形成了北京城市边界层流场特有的局地环流。②热岛中心在决定边界层环流的辐合区位置上起相对较大的作用，边界层环流的强度和发展高度由山谷风强度和热岛强度共同决定。
2005, 33(6):487-491.
Abstract:
The principles of temperature observation on different underlying surfaces is described.The temperatures on pitch,cement and clay surfaces from December 2002 to September 2003 were analyzed,including daily mean temperature,daily maximum temperature,daily minimum temperature,diurnal temperature range and the differences from air temperature.It is pointed out that air temperature is the main influencing factor for the temperature on various underlying surfaces;clouds have remarkable influence on the daily maximum temperature;the variation of atmosphere circulation affects also obviously the underlying surface temperature.Various forecasting method of temperatures on various underlying surfaces are discussed.The forecasting models of maximum temperature on various underlying surfaces are given,based on the next day's maximum air temperature forecast.Through comparing forecasts and actual temperature,it is found out that the forecast accuracy of the underlying surface temperature is depended greatly on the forecast accuracy of next day's maximum temperature and weather forecasts(cloudy,overcast or raining).
The principles of temperature observation on different underlying surfaces is described.The temperatures on pitch,cement and clay surfaces from December 2002 to September 2003 were analyzed,including daily mean temperature,daily maximum temperature,daily minimum temperature,diurnal temperature range and the differences from air temperature.It is pointed out that air temperature is the main influencing factor for the temperature on various underlying surfaces;clouds have remarkable influence on the daily maximum temperature;the variation of atmosphere circulation affects also obviously the underlying surface temperature.Various forecasting method of temperatures on various underlying surfaces are discussed.The forecasting models of maximum temperature on various underlying surfaces are given,based on the next day's maximum air temperature forecast.Through comparing forecasts and actual temperature,it is found out that the forecast accuracy of the underlying surface temperature is depended greatly on the forecast accuracy of next day's maximum temperature and weather forecasts(cloudy,overcast or raining).
2005, 33(6):492-495500.
Abstract:
The characteristics of Lanzhou urban heat island effect and the major meteorological factors resulting in the seasonal difference and the inter-decade change trend of heat island effect were analyzed by using temperature data from 1958 to 2003 of Lanzhou and two rural observation stations near Lanzhou.The results indicate that urban island heat effect in Lanzhou strengthened increasingly in the recent 40 years,and the intensity is greater in winter;as for daily variation,the heat island effect at 02: 00 is most obvious,but that at 14: 00 was less obvious.The winter inversion layer and the characteristics of the urban underlying surface in summer are the main factors leading to seasonal difference of heat island effect.The urban development resulted in the increasing heat island effect,and the abnormality of some meteorological factors aggravated the heat island effect in Lanzhou.
The characteristics of Lanzhou urban heat island effect and the major meteorological factors resulting in the seasonal difference and the inter-decade change trend of heat island effect were analyzed by using temperature data from 1958 to 2003 of Lanzhou and two rural observation stations near Lanzhou.The results indicate that urban island heat effect in Lanzhou strengthened increasingly in the recent 40 years,and the intensity is greater in winter;as for daily variation,the heat island effect at 02: 00 is most obvious,but that at 14: 00 was less obvious.The winter inversion layer and the characteristics of the urban underlying surface in summer are the main factors leading to seasonal difference of heat island effect.The urban development resulted in the increasing heat island effect,and the abnormality of some meteorological factors aggravated the heat island effect in Lanzhou.
2005, 33(6):496-500.
Abstract:
Based on the cloud-to-ground(CG) data from 2000 to 2003 collected by the XDDO3A lightning detection system in Beijing,a study was made of the daily and monthly lightning variation,as well as lightning intensity,polarity and density,etc.,and the climatic characteristics of lightning in Beijing was analyzed.The results show that most cloud-to-ground flashes are negative;the mean intensities of positive CG flashes are bigger than those of the negatives;the CG flashes have a daily variation characteristic of two peaks and two valleys;the maximum number of lighting days was found in July and August(lightning occurs almost every day),and lightning occurs most frequently in August;and in Beijing,CG flashes occurred mostly in four areas,and the spatial distribution of lightning is related to the topography and the nature of the underlying surface.
Based on the cloud-to-ground(CG) data from 2000 to 2003 collected by the XDDO3A lightning detection system in Beijing,a study was made of the daily and monthly lightning variation,as well as lightning intensity,polarity and density,etc.,and the climatic characteristics of lightning in Beijing was analyzed.The results show that most cloud-to-ground flashes are negative;the mean intensities of positive CG flashes are bigger than those of the negatives;the CG flashes have a daily variation characteristic of two peaks and two valleys;the maximum number of lighting days was found in July and August(lightning occurs almost every day),and lightning occurs most frequently in August;and in Beijing,CG flashes occurred mostly in four areas,and the spatial distribution of lightning is related to the topography and the nature of the underlying surface.
2005, 33(6):501-504.
Abstract:
对1965~2004年珠江三角洲出现的高温天气及高温天气出现时距珠江三角洲一定距离是否有热带气旋出现进行统计分析,发现珠江三角洲出现高温天气时在东北偏东方至东南方(60°~150°)这一扇形区距离珠江三角洲为500~2000 km的弧面中有热带气旋出现的机率较大,说明热带气旋与珠江三角洲高温天气的形成关系密切;然后对2004年6月底7月初珠江三角洲的高温天气过程进行个例分析,又通过对历史天气过程进行普查,发现强大的高压环流和适当距离上的热带气旋外围下沉气流是珠江三角洲高温天气形成的重要条件。
对1965~2004年珠江三角洲出现的高温天气及高温天气出现时距珠江三角洲一定距离是否有热带气旋出现进行统计分析,发现珠江三角洲出现高温天气时在东北偏东方至东南方(60°~150°)这一扇形区距离珠江三角洲为500~2000 km的弧面中有热带气旋出现的机率较大,说明热带气旋与珠江三角洲高温天气的形成关系密切;然后对2004年6月底7月初珠江三角洲的高温天气过程进行个例分析,又通过对历史天气过程进行普查,发现强大的高压环流和适当距离上的热带气旋外围下沉气流是珠江三角洲高温天气形成的重要条件。
2005, 33(6):505-508512.
Abstract:
In order to economize energy resources and reduce pollution and to build a resources-economized society,the meteorological conditions and forecasting methods for heating in winter in Xi'an were studied.According to the National Heating Regulations in China and the heating situation in winter in Xi'an,an analysis was made of the day-to-day meteorological data during the heating period in winter from July 1951 to June 2003 in Xi'an.The first day and last day of heating in winter are confirmed by comparing three different statistical methods recommended in the related national regulations.By making good use of T213 numerical forecasting products,the correlative analyses were conducted between the various day-to-day meteorological factors at different times at 850 hPa and 500 hPa and the corresponding actual temperature during heating periods in winter in Xi'an.A regression analysis method of day-to-day temperature forecasting during heating period in winter is put forward.
In order to economize energy resources and reduce pollution and to build a resources-economized society,the meteorological conditions and forecasting methods for heating in winter in Xi'an were studied.According to the National Heating Regulations in China and the heating situation in winter in Xi'an,an analysis was made of the day-to-day meteorological data during the heating period in winter from July 1951 to June 2003 in Xi'an.The first day and last day of heating in winter are confirmed by comparing three different statistical methods recommended in the related national regulations.By making good use of T213 numerical forecasting products,the correlative analyses were conducted between the various day-to-day meteorological factors at different times at 850 hPa and 500 hPa and the corresponding actual temperature during heating periods in winter in Xi'an.A regression analysis method of day-to-day temperature forecasting during heating period in winter is put forward.
2005, 33(6):509-512.
Abstract:
By means of ground meteorological data from 1931 to 2002, the climatic tendencies of annual and monthly mean temperature, maximal and minimal temperature in the Wuhan region were analyzed. A statistic analysis was made of foggy days, fog formation and dissipation, and the correlated meteorological factors. The regularities of annual and monthly fog variation, fog formation and dissipation, and fog intensity were discussed. The annual mean temperature and foggy days of Wuhan were analyzed using the wavelet analysis technique. The results indicate that there were opposite inter-decade variation characteristics between foggy days and annual mean temperature
By means of ground meteorological data from 1931 to 2002, the climatic tendencies of annual and monthly mean temperature, maximal and minimal temperature in the Wuhan region were analyzed. A statistic analysis was made of foggy days, fog formation and dissipation, and the correlated meteorological factors. The regularities of annual and monthly fog variation, fog formation and dissipation, and fog intensity were discussed. The annual mean temperature and foggy days of Wuhan were analyzed using the wavelet analysis technique. The results indicate that there were opposite inter-decade variation characteristics between foggy days and annual mean temperature
2005, 33(6):513-515.
Abstract:
The annual dust storm serials from 1961 to 2003 was established according to the Standards of Dust Storm in Spring in Tianjin, and the variation characteristics of multi-scale dust storm activities were analyzed by the wavelet analysis method. The results show that dust storms decreased significantly in the past 43 years with the change rate being - 5.9 day per ten years. Dust storms occurred more frequently in the 1960s and 1970s and less in the 1990s. It is al~ found that there are significant periods of 40 years, 4 to 6 years, 16 years in the number of dusty days in spring. The climate jump of dust storms in Tianjin is found around 1980 by t-test.
The annual dust storm serials from 1961 to 2003 was established according to the Standards of Dust Storm in Spring in Tianjin, and the variation characteristics of multi-scale dust storm activities were analyzed by the wavelet analysis method. The results show that dust storms decreased significantly in the past 43 years with the change rate being - 5.9 day per ten years. Dust storms occurred more frequently in the 1960s and 1970s and less in the 1990s. It is al~ found that there are significant periods of 40 years, 4 to 6 years, 16 years in the number of dusty days in spring. The climate jump of dust storms in Tianjin is found around 1980 by t-test.
2005, 33(6):516-519.
Abstract:
In order to improve the A-P value method,a rational method for distributing permissible sulfur dioxide(SO_2) emission to urban area sources is put forwarded.The permissible SO_2 emission calculated by the A-value method was added to SSIM(Source Strength Inversed Model) as a restriction condition to adjust the sharing ratio of different pollution sources.When the calculated sum of permissible area source emission in each grid for urban control areas is equal to the restricted value,the model output is the distributing result for permissible emission in urban control areas.It was used to calculate the grids' permissible SO_2 emission in Shijiazhuang,and the effectiveness was verified by using ISC3LT.The results show that with the method,SO_2 concentrations can be controlled within the National Standards on the grids of the control areas(urban areas).
In order to improve the A-P value method,a rational method for distributing permissible sulfur dioxide(SO_2) emission to urban area sources is put forwarded.The permissible SO_2 emission calculated by the A-value method was added to SSIM(Source Strength Inversed Model) as a restriction condition to adjust the sharing ratio of different pollution sources.When the calculated sum of permissible area source emission in each grid for urban control areas is equal to the restricted value,the model output is the distributing result for permissible emission in urban control areas.It was used to calculate the grids' permissible SO_2 emission in Shijiazhuang,and the effectiveness was verified by using ISC3LT.The results show that with the method,SO_2 concentrations can be controlled within the National Standards on the grids of the control areas(urban areas).
2005, 33(6):520-526.
Abstract:
北京十三陵地区出现O3高值,一直是人们所关心的环境问题,秋季是北京地区高O3浓度季节,为此2001年9月7～17日在北京城区舞蹈学院楼顶和十三陵地区昭陵进行了一次以O3为主,并结合其前体物的综合比对实验.对北京城区和郊区地面O3特征进行了比对分析,目的是了解北京秋季近地面城乡O3差异的原因.结果表明郊区O3浓度日均值普遍大于城区O3日均值,城区和郊区白天O3浓度接近,城乡O3平均浓度的差异是由于不同天气条件下城区夜间地面O3浓度很低,有时甚至接近于零,而郊区夜间O3依然维持一定浓度.其主要原因在于城区有较多的污染排放源,致使夜间NO浓度维持相对高值,其通过滴定过程大量消耗O3所致.观测中发现无论城区或郊区当小时平均NO浓度大于10×10-9(体积混合比)时,相应小时平均O3浓度接近于零.NO2/NO低值区对应于地面O3低浓度,城区夜间NO2/NO值低于郊区.由此可见城区O3日平均值较低和城区空气污染重于郊区有密切关系.
北京十三陵地区出现O3高值,一直是人们所关心的环境问题,秋季是北京地区高O3浓度季节,为此2001年9月7～17日在北京城区舞蹈学院楼顶和十三陵地区昭陵进行了一次以O3为主,并结合其前体物的综合比对实验.对北京城区和郊区地面O3特征进行了比对分析,目的是了解北京秋季近地面城乡O3差异的原因.结果表明郊区O3浓度日均值普遍大于城区O3日均值,城区和郊区白天O3浓度接近,城乡O3平均浓度的差异是由于不同天气条件下城区夜间地面O3浓度很低,有时甚至接近于零,而郊区夜间O3依然维持一定浓度.其主要原因在于城区有较多的污染排放源,致使夜间NO浓度维持相对高值,其通过滴定过程大量消耗O3所致.观测中发现无论城区或郊区当小时平均NO浓度大于10×10-9(体积混合比)时,相应小时平均O3浓度接近于零.NO2/NO低值区对应于地面O3低浓度,城区夜间NO2/NO值低于郊区.由此可见城区O3日平均值较低和城区空气污染重于郊区有密切关系.
2005, 33(6):527-532.
Abstract:
Based on the data of mean air pollutant concentrations(TSP, PM10,SO_2,NO_2) and meteorological factors(visibility,wind speed,temperature,humidity,precipitation,total cloud cover and lower cloud cover) in 2002 over the urban areas of the central Liaoning Province,an analysis was made of the status and extent of pollution in theses areas and the correlation of pollutants and various meteorological factors.The results show: the predominant air pollutants are TSP and SO_2;air pollution is the most serious in winter,the most slight in summer.The air pollution is the most serious in Benxi,the second in Anshan,the third in Shenyang,then in Fushun,and the least in Liaoyang.The correlation of pollutants with visibility and temperature is very good,and the correlation of pollutants with various meteorological factors is better in plain cities than that in mountainous cities.
Based on the data of mean air pollutant concentrations(TSP, PM10,SO_2,NO_2) and meteorological factors(visibility,wind speed,temperature,humidity,precipitation,total cloud cover and lower cloud cover) in 2002 over the urban areas of the central Liaoning Province,an analysis was made of the status and extent of pollution in theses areas and the correlation of pollutants and various meteorological factors.The results show: the predominant air pollutants are TSP and SO_2;air pollution is the most serious in winter,the most slight in summer.The air pollution is the most serious in Benxi,the second in Anshan,the third in Shenyang,then in Fushun,and the least in Liaoyang.The correlation of pollutants with visibility and temperature is very good,and the correlation of pollutants with various meteorological factors is better in plain cities than that in mountainous cities.
2005, 33(6):533-537.
Abstract:
According to the monitoring reports of recent years from the Beijing Environment Protection Bureau,PM10 remains in a high level,being the predominant air pollutant in over 90% days of a whole year.SO_2 pollution has been controlled to certain extent and NO_2 pollution is improved slightly with a slowly decreasing trend generally.Comparison and analysis is conducted on the three dust weather events happened in Beijing in spring of 2004,and in combination with the variation of the air pollutant concentrations(or index) in March in Beijing,the influence of dust weather on air quality in Beijing is discussed.The results provide references for air quality forecasting under dust weather in Beijing.
According to the monitoring reports of recent years from the Beijing Environment Protection Bureau,PM10 remains in a high level,being the predominant air pollutant in over 90% days of a whole year.SO_2 pollution has been controlled to certain extent and NO_2 pollution is improved slightly with a slowly decreasing trend generally.Comparison and analysis is conducted on the three dust weather events happened in Beijing in spring of 2004,and in combination with the variation of the air pollutant concentrations(or index) in March in Beijing,the influence of dust weather on air quality in Beijing is discussed.The results provide references for air quality forecasting under dust weather in Beijing.
Zhang Xiaochun
,
Cai Yongxiang
,
Wen Yupu
,
Zhou Lingxi
,
Tang Jie Centre for Atmosphere Watch
,
Services
,
Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry
,
CMA
,
Beiiing ;. China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory
,
Xining )
2005, 33(6):538-542547.
Abstract:
The study focuses on a test and discussion of non-dispersive infrared CO_2 flask sample analysis and standard gas calibration system developed by NOAA/CMDL and used in the baseline atmosphere monitoring in China with the mixing ratios of carbon dioxide in the flask air samples tentatively taken at Waliguan(Qinghai), Linan(Zhejiang),Longfengshan(Heilongjian) and Shangdianzi(Beijing) being measured.Meanwhile,a comparison was made with the continuous online measurements at Waliguan.The results all indicate that the system is of high-level sensitivity,precision and stability with an automatic function from sample injection to data processing.It can be applied to the calibration of CO_2 standard gases and the analysis of flask samples,being easy-operating and reliable.The air sampling and analyzing system can be used,to some extent,instead of the in-situ continuously monitoring system.It is also an economical and practical way to take samples in different sites and analyze together
The study focuses on a test and discussion of non-dispersive infrared CO_2 flask sample analysis and standard gas calibration system developed by NOAA/CMDL and used in the baseline atmosphere monitoring in China with the mixing ratios of carbon dioxide in the flask air samples tentatively taken at Waliguan(Qinghai), Linan(Zhejiang),Longfengshan(Heilongjian) and Shangdianzi(Beijing) being measured.Meanwhile,a comparison was made with the continuous online measurements at Waliguan.The results all indicate that the system is of high-level sensitivity,precision and stability with an automatic function from sample injection to data processing.It can be applied to the calibration of CO_2 standard gases and the analysis of flask samples,being easy-operating and reliable.The air sampling and analyzing system can be used,to some extent,instead of the in-situ continuously monitoring system.It is also an economical and practical way to take samples in different sites and analyze together
2005, 33(6):543-547.
Abstract:
During the period of the National Day of 2004, a continuous heavy air pollution event occurred. In order to have a good understanding of the causes of the event, a detailed analysis was made of the weather conditions during the time period by means of the air pollution index, conventional meteorological data, radiosonde data and AWS data. The results indicate that the pollution event was resulted from the combined influences of the large-scale synoptic background and local weather conditions such as weak wind, inverse temperature, high relative humidity, etc. , as well as local pollution sources.
During the period of the National Day of 2004, a continuous heavy air pollution event occurred. In order to have a good understanding of the causes of the event, a detailed analysis was made of the weather conditions during the time period by means of the air pollution index, conventional meteorological data, radiosonde data and AWS data. The results indicate that the pollution event was resulted from the combined influences of the large-scale synoptic background and local weather conditions such as weak wind, inverse temperature, high relative humidity, etc. , as well as local pollution sources.
2005, 33(6):548-549.
Abstract:
The method of fuzzy comprehensive assessment was used in the comprehensive analysis of urban environmental quality. This method could convert the complicated multi-level assessment into quantificational assessment so to analyze the regional atmospheric quality conditions. An analysis was made of the SO2, NO2, PM10 concentrations in 2003 and 2004 in Tongchuan. The analysis provides academic evidences for improving father the environment.
The method of fuzzy comprehensive assessment was used in the comprehensive analysis of urban environmental quality. This method could convert the complicated multi-level assessment into quantificational assessment so to analyze the regional atmospheric quality conditions. An analysis was made of the SO2, NO2, PM10 concentrations in 2003 and 2004 in Tongchuan. The analysis provides academic evidences for improving father the environment.
2005, 33(6):550-553558.
Abstract:
In order to provide information for further researches and better medical meteorological forecast and service,a review of researches on medical meteorology in China in the recent 10 years is made,especially with respect of weather or climate impacts on each kind of disease,including circulatory,digestive,respiratory,and infectious diseases.Also the relation between meteorological parameters and pathogenies such as vectors,parasites,fungi,bacteria,etc.is discussed.The possible influence of climate change on human health in China and medical meteorological forecasts and services in some provinces are introduced.It is very important to explain and reveal the cause-effect relation between weather,climate and diseases(or health) by integrating the epidemiology and meteorology in the future.It is pointed out that nationwide cooperative researches should be conducted between meteorological and medical sectors;the impacts of various meteorological parameters on human physiology,pathology and psychosis and the influence of climate change on human health should be further studied;and researches on the relation between meteorological disasters and diseases,as well as post-disaster countermeasures,should be strengthened.
In order to provide information for further researches and better medical meteorological forecast and service,a review of researches on medical meteorology in China in the recent 10 years is made,especially with respect of weather or climate impacts on each kind of disease,including circulatory,digestive,respiratory,and infectious diseases.Also the relation between meteorological parameters and pathogenies such as vectors,parasites,fungi,bacteria,etc.is discussed.The possible influence of climate change on human health in China and medical meteorological forecasts and services in some provinces are introduced.It is very important to explain and reveal the cause-effect relation between weather,climate and diseases(or health) by integrating the epidemiology and meteorology in the future.It is pointed out that nationwide cooperative researches should be conducted between meteorological and medical sectors;the impacts of various meteorological parameters on human physiology,pathology and psychosis and the influence of climate change on human health should be further studied;and researches on the relation between meteorological disasters and diseases,as well as post-disaster countermeasures,should be strengthened.
2005, 33(6):554-558.
Abstract:
By use of the month-by-month hospital admissions caused by asthma and the influenza and month-mean pressure,temperature,and humidity data in Nanjing,the occurrence regularities of the two diseases were discussed.Two time serial models including meteorological factors were established to predict the number of patients on a monthly basis.Results show that in the recent 10 years,hospital admissions caused by asthma increased year after year and asthma is prone to occur at autumn and the end of spring.The occurrence of asthma is correlated with the mean pressure of the same month and the mean temperature of previous month.However,the influenza is more likely to occur in summer and autumn and its occurrence is related to the month mean minimum temperature and the month's lowest temperature.The conditional heteroskedasticity model and ARIMAX model were established to predict the number of patients caused by asthma and influenza,respectively.The prediction veracities for asthma and influenza are 75.5 percent and 66.7 percent,respectively,which indicates that the methods are feasible and applicable in application.
By use of the month-by-month hospital admissions caused by asthma and the influenza and month-mean pressure,temperature,and humidity data in Nanjing,the occurrence regularities of the two diseases were discussed.Two time serial models including meteorological factors were established to predict the number of patients on a monthly basis.Results show that in the recent 10 years,hospital admissions caused by asthma increased year after year and asthma is prone to occur at autumn and the end of spring.The occurrence of asthma is correlated with the mean pressure of the same month and the mean temperature of previous month.However,the influenza is more likely to occur in summer and autumn and its occurrence is related to the month mean minimum temperature and the month's lowest temperature.The conditional heteroskedasticity model and ARIMAX model were established to predict the number of patients caused by asthma and influenza,respectively.The prediction veracities for asthma and influenza are 75.5 percent and 66.7 percent,respectively,which indicates that the methods are feasible and applicable in application.
2005, 33(6):559-564.
Abstract:
Based on 39305 cases of outpatients from 2001 to 2002 in two big hospitals of Nanning, it is concluded by using wavelet analysis that there is a 5 -7 day period in the number of patients. The relationship among respiratory tract disease, meteorological factors and pollutant concentrations is analyzed by using the data on the outpatients and the corresponding meteorological conditions and air pollutants. The results show that the number of respiratory tract disease patients is closely correlative with air temperature, air pressure and humidity, as well as the concentrations of such air pollutants as SO2, NO2, and PM10. Meanwhile, the optimal subset method was used to establish the regressive equations for forecasting respiratory tract diseases in the next 1 to 2 days and the next week for different seasons. The regressive equations were tested based on the bronchitis cases of outpatients in January 2004 and the respiratory tract disease cases of outpatients in April 2004, and the results show that the regressive equations are applicable.
Based on 39305 cases of outpatients from 2001 to 2002 in two big hospitals of Nanning, it is concluded by using wavelet analysis that there is a 5 -7 day period in the number of patients. The relationship among respiratory tract disease, meteorological factors and pollutant concentrations is analyzed by using the data on the outpatients and the corresponding meteorological conditions and air pollutants. The results show that the number of respiratory tract disease patients is closely correlative with air temperature, air pressure and humidity, as well as the concentrations of such air pollutants as SO2, NO2, and PM10. Meanwhile, the optimal subset method was used to establish the regressive equations for forecasting respiratory tract diseases in the next 1 to 2 days and the next week for different seasons. The regressive equations were tested based on the bronchitis cases of outpatients in January 2004 and the respiratory tract disease cases of outpatients in April 2004, and the results show that the regressive equations are applicable.
2005, 33(6):565-569.
Abstract:
By contrasting the series of the incidence of coronary heart diseases from 1984 to 2000 with the corresponding meteorological data in the Beijing area. The seasonal and annual variations of the incidence of coronary heart diseases are revealed. The results of correlation analysis between the incidence of the diseases and several meteorological elements show that there exists obvious correlation between the incidence and such meteorological elements as pressure, wind, temperature and water pressure; the influence of meteorological elements on the diseases varies in different seasons. Thereby, the meteorological evaluating models of the monthly incidence of coronary heart diseases were established and the models have good fitting and predictive capabilities.
By contrasting the series of the incidence of coronary heart diseases from 1984 to 2000 with the corresponding meteorological data in the Beijing area. The seasonal and annual variations of the incidence of coronary heart diseases are revealed. The results of correlation analysis between the incidence of the diseases and several meteorological elements show that there exists obvious correlation between the incidence and such meteorological elements as pressure, wind, temperature and water pressure; the influence of meteorological elements on the diseases varies in different seasons. Thereby, the meteorological evaluating models of the monthly incidence of coronary heart diseases were established and the models have good fitting and predictive capabilities.
2005, 33(6):570-573.
Abstract:
In order to find the seasonal regularities of upper respiratory tract infection for young children in Jinhua and its relations with climate,the apparent temperatures of young children were calculated based on human body heat balance.In the process of computation,three different environments(indoor,outdoor with and without shadows) were taken into account respectively.According to these results,the apparent temperatures,dekad maximum and minimum apparent temperatures,etc,were calculated.Then such techniques as linear regression analysis,natural empirical orthogonal function,and stepwise regression were integrated to establish the forecast models of upper respiratory tract infection.It was proved that the change tendency of fitting values from the model is almost identical with that of observational values in warm days and the peak values are also the same.Meanwhile,the change tendency of fitting values from the model was also basically similar with that of observational values in cold days.However,the peak values are not obvious,and the difference between fitting and observational values was comparatively great.
In order to find the seasonal regularities of upper respiratory tract infection for young children in Jinhua and its relations with climate,the apparent temperatures of young children were calculated based on human body heat balance.In the process of computation,three different environments(indoor,outdoor with and without shadows) were taken into account respectively.According to these results,the apparent temperatures,dekad maximum and minimum apparent temperatures,etc,were calculated.Then such techniques as linear regression analysis,natural empirical orthogonal function,and stepwise regression were integrated to establish the forecast models of upper respiratory tract infection.It was proved that the change tendency of fitting values from the model is almost identical with that of observational values in warm days and the peak values are also the same.Meanwhile,the change tendency of fitting values from the model was also basically similar with that of observational values in cold days.However,the peak values are not obvious,and the difference between fitting and observational values was comparatively great.
2005, 33(6):574-576.
Abstract:
随着全球气候变暖，城市化以及老年化，北京的高温危害十分突出。对北京市1951～2002年夏季平均气温、极端高温以及平均相对湿度联合分析发现：高温高湿往往同步出现，高温现象在加剧，6月高温日数多于7月，但40℃以上的极端高温出现时间从6月下旬延迟到7月，这些都会加重高温危害。为此根据北京气候特点，并参考近年国内外关于高温中暑指标，制定了北京市高温中暑4级标准和相应的指标体系，并自2001年起向公众发布，指导居民防暑降温，取得了明显效果。
随着全球气候变暖，城市化以及老年化，北京的高温危害十分突出。对北京市1951～2002年夏季平均气温、极端高温以及平均相对湿度联合分析发现：高温高湿往往同步出现，高温现象在加剧，6月高温日数多于7月，但40℃以上的极端高温出现时间从6月下旬延迟到7月，这些都会加重高温危害。为此根据北京气候特点，并参考近年国内外关于高温中暑指标，制定了北京市高温中暑4级标准和相应的指标体系，并自2001年起向公众发布，指导居民防暑降温，取得了明显效果。
2005, 33(6):577-579.
Abstract:
By means of 13-year cancer death rate data and meteorological data of Nanning from 1991 to 2003,the impacts of meteorological factors on cancer death were analyzed.It is concluded that weather conditions have indeed certain impacts on cancer death rate: the death toll on high-UV days is obviously greater than that on low-UV days;the death toll of lung cancer increases with increasing air temperature,but that of liver cancer decreases with increasing air temperature,and the latter is more obvious than the former;the death toll of various cancers has a reverse relation with air pressure.Some results is accordant to the related researches overseas.
By means of 13-year cancer death rate data and meteorological data of Nanning from 1991 to 2003,the impacts of meteorological factors on cancer death were analyzed.It is concluded that weather conditions have indeed certain impacts on cancer death rate: the death toll on high-UV days is obviously greater than that on low-UV days;the death toll of lung cancer increases with increasing air temperature,but that of liver cancer decreases with increasing air temperature,and the latter is more obvious than the former;the death toll of various cancers has a reverse relation with air pressure.Some results is accordant to the related researches overseas.
2005, 33(6):580-582.
Abstract:
The highly fatal avian influenza is a disease of fowl erupted in China and the nearby areas from the end of 2003 to the beginning of 2004, during which millions of domestic fowls were infected, and even .several people were infected and died. By means of contrast analysis method, an analysis is made of the variation of weather situation, temperature, humidity and wind speed during the time period, and it is found that low temperature and high humidity weather persisted in Guangzhou from the middle January to the beginning of February 2004 while avian influenza erupted. It is concluded that low temperature and high humidity are favorable for the occurrence and prevailing of the avian influenza, but increasing temperature and sunshine restrain the avian influenza.
The highly fatal avian influenza is a disease of fowl erupted in China and the nearby areas from the end of 2003 to the beginning of 2004, during which millions of domestic fowls were infected, and even .several people were infected and died. By means of contrast analysis method, an analysis is made of the variation of weather situation, temperature, humidity and wind speed during the time period, and it is found that low temperature and high humidity weather persisted in Guangzhou from the middle January to the beginning of February 2004 while avian influenza erupted. It is concluded that low temperature and high humidity are favorable for the occurrence and prevailing of the avian influenza, but increasing temperature and sunshine restrain the avian influenza.
2005, 33(6):583-588.
Abstract:
Based on the principles of environmental sensitivity to and compliance with the meteorological conditions, presented were seven design methods of the environmental meteorological indexes related with various aspects such as human being living conditions, public service, recreation, travel, agriculture, engineering, medical treatments and sanitation, etc. These methods include Regression Statistics, Factor Weighting, Experience Mode, History Data Searching, Dynamics Simulation, Extension Methods and Concept Model. Based on these methods, eight categories and 73 kinds of indexes were developed. Considering the results from a large population customer survey along with other methods such as field observation and experimental analysis, the technical details of various design methods are discussed with several environmental meteorological indexes as examples. These methods are simple, practical, and easy to be put to operational use.
Based on the principles of environmental sensitivity to and compliance with the meteorological conditions, presented were seven design methods of the environmental meteorological indexes related with various aspects such as human being living conditions, public service, recreation, travel, agriculture, engineering, medical treatments and sanitation, etc. These methods include Regression Statistics, Factor Weighting, Experience Mode, History Data Searching, Dynamics Simulation, Extension Methods and Concept Model. Based on these methods, eight categories and 73 kinds of indexes were developed. Considering the results from a large population customer survey along with other methods such as field observation and experimental analysis, the technical details of various design methods are discussed with several environmental meteorological indexes as examples. These methods are simple, practical, and easy to be put to operational use.
2005, 33(6):589-593.
Abstract:
By means of the data on athletes' performance in Beijing International Marathons from 1981 to 2003 and the daily or hourly meteorological data during the same time period,the relationships between athletes' performance in the marathons(both men and women) and weather conditions were analyzed quantitatively.The results show that weather factors have a great influence on the athletes' performance in the marathons: about 9 to 12 minutes.The correlation between temperature and athletes' performance is significant.The higher the air temperature is,the worse the performance.Drizzle benefits for acquiring better results.The comfort index is a good indicator of marathon performance for men athletes,and the wind-chill index for women.
By means of the data on athletes' performance in Beijing International Marathons from 1981 to 2003 and the daily or hourly meteorological data during the same time period,the relationships between athletes' performance in the marathons(both men and women) and weather conditions were analyzed quantitatively.The results show that weather factors have a great influence on the athletes' performance in the marathons: about 9 to 12 minutes.The correlation between temperature and athletes' performance is significant.The higher the air temperature is,the worse the performance.Drizzle benefits for acquiring better results.The comfort index is a good indicator of marathon performance for men athletes,and the wind-chill index for women.
2005, 33(6):594-598.
Abstract:
By means of REOF, wavelet analysis and correlation analysis, the characteristics of summer high temperature were analyzed and the air-conditioner electricity consumption per square meter in dwelling hottses was calculated. Emphases were put on the temporal and spatial characteristics of high temperature. The results show that in the past 50 years there was no obvious change in accumulated high temperature generally, but there were some differences in different areas. The accumulated high temperature rose apparently in the southeastern Zhejiang and dropped somewhat in the northem and southwestern parts. After the 1980s, the differences of maximum temperature and the number of high temperature days between three high-temperature zones decreased apparently. Also the occurrences of extreme heat or cool events in summer in the past 50 years were analyzed. It is pointed out that air-conditioner electricity consumption in summer in Zhejiang was extraordinary and the air-conditioner electricity consumption in a hot summer was about 70 percent more than that in a cool summer on average.
By means of REOF, wavelet analysis and correlation analysis, the characteristics of summer high temperature were analyzed and the air-conditioner electricity consumption per square meter in dwelling hottses was calculated. Emphases were put on the temporal and spatial characteristics of high temperature. The results show that in the past 50 years there was no obvious change in accumulated high temperature generally, but there were some differences in different areas. The accumulated high temperature rose apparently in the southeastern Zhejiang and dropped somewhat in the northem and southwestern parts. After the 1980s, the differences of maximum temperature and the number of high temperature days between three high-temperature zones decreased apparently. Also the occurrences of extreme heat or cool events in summer in the past 50 years were analyzed. It is pointed out that air-conditioner electricity consumption in summer in Zhejiang was extraordinary and the air-conditioner electricity consumption in a hot summer was about 70 percent more than that in a cool summer on average.
2005, 33(6):599-603.
Abstract:
An introduction is made to the technical principles for establishing the meteorological short message platform in the weather service system and the main functions of the platform. The connection and compatibility of the meteorological short message platform with various short message agreements and network structures of China Mobile, China United Telecommunication, and China Telecom are analyzed, and a solution and the corresponding network structure are presented. The sending and receiving of meteorological short messages from weather service by Internet is realized form with the Service Platform 121 is At the same time, the linking of the meteorological short message platalso realized
An introduction is made to the technical principles for establishing the meteorological short message platform in the weather service system and the main functions of the platform. The connection and compatibility of the meteorological short message platform with various short message agreements and network structures of China Mobile, China United Telecommunication, and China Telecom are analyzed, and a solution and the corresponding network structure are presented. The sending and receiving of meteorological short messages from weather service by Internet is realized form with the Service Platform 121 is At the same time, the linking of the meteorological short message platalso realized
2005, 33(6):604-608.
Abstract:
Based on the data obtained from three meteorological stations for 40 years in Diqing, Yunnan Province, a study was conducted on the forecasting methods of meteorological indexes for tourism. In combination with the temporal-and spatial-scale theories of weather systems and the related statistical results, various meteorological indexes are discussed. The specific meteorological indexes were obtained through adjusting longitude, latitude, and vegetation distribution based on the weather forecasts and relative observation data provided by the nearest weather stations. The techniques of synoptic, numerical method and conventional forecasts were applied in software development. The forecasting system of UV index, suitability index, dressing index, fire danger class, and meteorological indexes for tourism was developed by using the FORTRAN and VB computer language. The software has been put into operation.
Based on the data obtained from three meteorological stations for 40 years in Diqing, Yunnan Province, a study was conducted on the forecasting methods of meteorological indexes for tourism. In combination with the temporal-and spatial-scale theories of weather systems and the related statistical results, various meteorological indexes are discussed. The specific meteorological indexes were obtained through adjusting longitude, latitude, and vegetation distribution based on the weather forecasts and relative observation data provided by the nearest weather stations. The techniques of synoptic, numerical method and conventional forecasts were applied in software development. The forecasting system of UV index, suitability index, dressing index, fire danger class, and meteorological indexes for tourism was developed by using the FORTRAN and VB computer language. The software has been put into operation.
2005, 33(6):609-612.
Abstract:
On the basis of investigation on the recent 40-year climate resources over the Yellow River Delta, taking Dongying as a example, an analysis was made of the guidance role of wind direction in urban planning. The wind loads of different frequencies and heights were estimated by means of the statistical method. The coefficients of insolation interval and the meteorological parameters relevant to heating and ventilation were calculated. The results provide useful science reference for urban construction departments to utilize climate resources more effectively in urban planning and design.
On the basis of investigation on the recent 40-year climate resources over the Yellow River Delta, taking Dongying as a example, an analysis was made of the guidance role of wind direction in urban planning. The wind loads of different frequencies and heights were estimated by means of the statistical method. The coefficients of insolation interval and the meteorological parameters relevant to heating and ventilation were calculated. The results provide useful science reference for urban construction departments to utilize climate resources more effectively in urban planning and design.
2005, 33(6):613-616.
Abstract:
On the basis of climatic and ecological characteristics of greenhouse flower planting,the analysis system of meteorological conditions for flower planting in greenhouses in North China was developed with the VB-language.The system consists of five subsystems: climatic and ecological index base,microclimatic element model base,microclimate-control knowledge base,indoor microclimate analysis system,and system maintenance module.Once the numerical values of the greenhouse type,flower variety,season and weather parameters were put in,the system would put out automatically the microclimate parameters of the greenhouse,determine whether the conditions are suitable,and provide suggestions about technical measures for greenhouse microclimate control.
On the basis of climatic and ecological characteristics of greenhouse flower planting,the analysis system of meteorological conditions for flower planting in greenhouses in North China was developed with the VB-language.The system consists of five subsystems: climatic and ecological index base,microclimatic element model base,microclimate-control knowledge base,indoor microclimate analysis system,and system maintenance module.Once the numerical values of the greenhouse type,flower variety,season and weather parameters were put in,the system would put out automatically the microclimate parameters of the greenhouse,determine whether the conditions are suitable,and provide suggestions about technical measures for greenhouse microclimate control.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.