Volume 34,Issue 1,2006 Table of Contents
2006, 34(1):1-6.
Abstract:
概述了全球尺度、我国大范围区域及长江中下游梅雨的年代际气候变化的一些研究进展,重点介绍了近期我国气象工作者有关这方面研究的一些成果.指出：①全球尺度的大气、海洋及气温变化不仅存在明显的年际变化,而且年代际变化也十分显著;②受全球气候年代际变化的影响,中国气候也存在多时间尺度的变化特征,但气候的年代际变化特征与全球气候年代际变化有不同之处;③长江中下游梅雨气候变异不仅与海-气相互作用密切相关,而且海洋的年代际变化也是梅雨异常变化的重要气候背景;④年代际尺度变化在全球变暖改变区域气候特征的过程中的贡献、年代际气候变化的形成及作用机制,特别是长江中下游梅雨的年代际变化的成因和机制都是仍需继续加强研究的问题.
概述了全球尺度、我国大范围区域及长江中下游梅雨的年代际气候变化的一些研究进展,重点介绍了近期我国气象工作者有关这方面研究的一些成果.指出：①全球尺度的大气、海洋及气温变化不仅存在明显的年际变化,而且年代际变化也十分显著;②受全球气候年代际变化的影响,中国气候也存在多时间尺度的变化特征,但气候的年代际变化特征与全球气候年代际变化有不同之处;③长江中下游梅雨气候变异不仅与海-气相互作用密切相关,而且海洋的年代际变化也是梅雨异常变化的重要气候背景;④年代际尺度变化在全球变暖改变区域气候特征的过程中的贡献、年代际气候变化的形成及作用机制,特别是长江中下游梅雨的年代际变化的成因和机制都是仍需继续加强研究的问题.
2 Preliminary Study of Short-Term Quantitative Precipitation Forecast Method for Landfalling Typhoon
2006, 34(1):7-11.
Abstract:
By using GMS-5 IR1 TBB of landfalling typhoon(LT) and hourly rainfall from ground automatic weather stations,a preliminary method of quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE) suitable for LT was found.Based on the results from the QPE method,the short-term quantitative precipitation forecast of 0 h to 3 h(QPF) for LT can be realized with the extrapolation method preliminarily.The applications of the QPF method to 0104 LT Utor and 0414 LT Rananim show that as far as single station hourly rainfall quantitative forecast is concerned,if 50% relative error can be accepted,the accuracies of QPF for 0 h,1 h,2 h and 3 h can reach 20% to 70%,30% to 80%,30% to 70%,and 20% to 60%,respectively;as far as single station process rainfall quantitative forecast is concerned,if 50% relative error can be accepted,the accuracies of QPF for 0h,1 h,2 h and 3 h can all almost reach 60% to 80%;quantitative forecast for 0 h to 3 h area rainfall can also be provided,to a certain extent.The QPF results of 0 to 3 hours can serve as a reference for the operational short-term operational precipitation forecast for LT,to some degree.
By using GMS-5 IR1 TBB of landfalling typhoon(LT) and hourly rainfall from ground automatic weather stations,a preliminary method of quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE) suitable for LT was found.Based on the results from the QPE method,the short-term quantitative precipitation forecast of 0 h to 3 h(QPF) for LT can be realized with the extrapolation method preliminarily.The applications of the QPF method to 0104 LT Utor and 0414 LT Rananim show that as far as single station hourly rainfall quantitative forecast is concerned,if 50% relative error can be accepted,the accuracies of QPF for 0 h,1 h,2 h and 3 h can reach 20% to 70%,30% to 80%,30% to 70%,and 20% to 60%,respectively;as far as single station process rainfall quantitative forecast is concerned,if 50% relative error can be accepted,the accuracies of QPF for 0h,1 h,2 h and 3 h can all almost reach 60% to 80%;quantitative forecast for 0 h to 3 h area rainfall can also be provided,to a certain extent.The QPF results of 0 to 3 hours can serve as a reference for the operational short-term operational precipitation forecast for LT,to some degree.
2006, 34(1):12-17.
Abstract:
利用T213、日本细网格降水预报等数值预报产品,采用人工神经网络方法进行预报释用.通过聚类分析方法对广西自治区测站进行分类,简化预报对象,对数量众多的T213数值预报产品采用自然正交分解（EOF）方法,浓缩大量因子的有效信息,并结合日本降水预报因子建立广西5～6月区域降水量级的逐日人工神经网络预报模型.运用与实际业务预报相同的方法进行逐日预报试验.结果表明,用这种数值预报产品释用方法建立广西3个预报区域的B-P人工神经网络预报模型对中雨以上降水量级预报的TS评分分别为0.55、0.5和0.26,比目前业务预报中参考使用的T213和日本数值预报产品降水预报具有更好的预报效果.
利用T213、日本细网格降水预报等数值预报产品,采用人工神经网络方法进行预报释用.通过聚类分析方法对广西自治区测站进行分类,简化预报对象,对数量众多的T213数值预报产品采用自然正交分解（EOF）方法,浓缩大量因子的有效信息,并结合日本降水预报因子建立广西5～6月区域降水量级的逐日人工神经网络预报模型.运用与实际业务预报相同的方法进行逐日预报试验.结果表明,用这种数值预报产品释用方法建立广西3个预报区域的B-P人工神经网络预报模型对中雨以上降水量级预报的TS评分分别为0.55、0.5和0.26,比目前业务预报中参考使用的T213和日本数值预报产品降水预报具有更好的预报效果.
2006, 34(1):18-21.
Abstract:
The forcasting of Meiyu rainfall is very important to industry and agriculture in Taizhou.According to the distributing features of Meiyu in the area,a convenient and practical method is put forward.A Meiyu predication experiment using the threshold auto-regressive model,advanced genetic algorithm,and related techniques was carried out in Taizhou.The graded forecasting method was adopted in predicting Meiyu rainfall and the statistical results are provided.The result shows that the fitting-rate and the accuracy are 78% and 80%,respectively.
The forcasting of Meiyu rainfall is very important to industry and agriculture in Taizhou.According to the distributing features of Meiyu in the area,a convenient and practical method is put forward.A Meiyu predication experiment using the threshold auto-regressive model,advanced genetic algorithm,and related techniques was carried out in Taizhou.The graded forecasting method was adopted in predicting Meiyu rainfall and the statistical results are provided.The result shows that the fitting-rate and the accuracy are 78% and 80%,respectively.
2006, 34(1):22-28.
Abstract:
The MM5 model is used to simulate the heavy rain process occurred in August 2000 in Hebei Province.The results show that the process was caused by a cold vortex over the eastern Mongolia and the subtropical high,and the direct trigger for the local severe heavy rainfall was a mesoscale convective cloud cluster.There was rapid accumulation of energy before the mesoscale system took shape.Sensitive experiments on terrain effect and southeast winds at low levels for the heavy rainfall process are conducted.It is concluded that although the heavy rain occurred in the eastern Hebei Province,this process was greatly affected by the mountains over the west and north parts of North China.When the terrain is removed,the location and intensity of the heavy rainfall change obviously;and when the low-level southeast wind is weakened,the movement speed and intensity of the cold vortex over the eastern Mongolia change in different degrees;and the lower the level is,the more obvious the effect.
The MM5 model is used to simulate the heavy rain process occurred in August 2000 in Hebei Province.The results show that the process was caused by a cold vortex over the eastern Mongolia and the subtropical high,and the direct trigger for the local severe heavy rainfall was a mesoscale convective cloud cluster.There was rapid accumulation of energy before the mesoscale system took shape.Sensitive experiments on terrain effect and southeast winds at low levels for the heavy rainfall process are conducted.It is concluded that although the heavy rain occurred in the eastern Hebei Province,this process was greatly affected by the mountains over the west and north parts of North China.When the terrain is removed,the location and intensity of the heavy rainfall change obviously;and when the low-level southeast wind is weakened,the movement speed and intensity of the cold vortex over the eastern Mongolia change in different degrees;and the lower the level is,the more obvious the effect.
2006, 34(1):29-34.
Abstract:
Based on the synoptic analysis for a rainstorm event occurred in Chongqing on 29,30 May 2004,the nonhydrostatic version of mesoscale numerical model MM5 was used to simulate this case with two nested domains.The diagnostic analysis results show that the moving cold-front cloud system produced by a high-level trough is the main synoptic system of this rainstorm,and a meso-vortex produced by the trough is the main mesoscale system.The comparison between simulated and observed data shows that MM5 can successfully simulate the rainstorm event in the east of the Sichuan plain.It is pointed out that the meso-vortex convergence and the intense ascending movement produced by the east-moving trough in the Chongqing area engendered the rainstorm.
Based on the synoptic analysis for a rainstorm event occurred in Chongqing on 29,30 May 2004,the nonhydrostatic version of mesoscale numerical model MM5 was used to simulate this case with two nested domains.The diagnostic analysis results show that the moving cold-front cloud system produced by a high-level trough is the main synoptic system of this rainstorm,and a meso-vortex produced by the trough is the main mesoscale system.The comparison between simulated and observed data shows that MM5 can successfully simulate the rainstorm event in the east of the Sichuan plain.It is pointed out that the meso-vortex convergence and the intense ascending movement produced by the east-moving trough in the Chongqing area engendered the rainstorm.
2006, 34(1):35-40.
Abstract:
The precipitation on 4,5 April 2002 in Henan Province was simulated by the one-dimension stratiform cloud numerical model.The results indicate that the precipitation belongs to cold-cloud precipitation;ice-phase particles were the main components in the cold clouds both before and after the front;and the distribution of water particles from top to bottom was ice crystals,snow,cloud water,graupel and rainwater.The content and the number density of these particles in the front of the cold front were different from those behind the front,but the main microphysical mechanisms of particle formation were the same.The increasing of the numerical density of ice crystals depended mainly on nucleation and multiplication;that of snow mostly on the sublimation and accretion of ice crystals and cold cloud water;and the mass increasing of graupel on the accretion of snow and supercooled cloud water and the auto-conversion of snow.Almost all of rainwater came from graupel melting.Therefore,the mechanism of cold-front precipitation was mainly described as "vapor-snow-graupel-rain water."
The precipitation on 4,5 April 2002 in Henan Province was simulated by the one-dimension stratiform cloud numerical model.The results indicate that the precipitation belongs to cold-cloud precipitation;ice-phase particles were the main components in the cold clouds both before and after the front;and the distribution of water particles from top to bottom was ice crystals,snow,cloud water,graupel and rainwater.The content and the number density of these particles in the front of the cold front were different from those behind the front,but the main microphysical mechanisms of particle formation were the same.The increasing of the numerical density of ice crystals depended mainly on nucleation and multiplication;that of snow mostly on the sublimation and accretion of ice crystals and cold cloud water;and the mass increasing of graupel on the accretion of snow and supercooled cloud water and the auto-conversion of snow.Almost all of rainwater came from graupel melting.Therefore,the mechanism of cold-front precipitation was mainly described as "vapor-snow-graupel-rain water."
2006, 34(1):41-46.
Abstract:
运用天气学、卫星云图和物理诊断方法,分析20°N以北、130°E以西有台风活动,陕西有地面冷锋东移过境并出现大暴雨的3次典型天气过程,以揭示近海台风活动对青藏高原东北侧冷锋暴雨增幅的特征和规律。结果显示此类暴雨的中尺度对流云团位于冷锋云系的前部,其水平尺度在几十公里到300 km左右,生命史约6~8 h,中尺度系统常具有夜间发展、增强的特征。冷锋暴雨的水汽输送主要依靠台风低压外围的偏东急流来传递,水汽输送以850 hPa层附近最为显著。当台风西行移至台湾岛附近活动,而青藏高原东北侧的陕西有冷锋过境东移时,此时出现冷锋暴雨的降水增幅明显。
运用天气学、卫星云图和物理诊断方法,分析20°N以北、130°E以西有台风活动,陕西有地面冷锋东移过境并出现大暴雨的3次典型天气过程,以揭示近海台风活动对青藏高原东北侧冷锋暴雨增幅的特征和规律。结果显示此类暴雨的中尺度对流云团位于冷锋云系的前部,其水平尺度在几十公里到300 km左右,生命史约6~8 h,中尺度系统常具有夜间发展、增强的特征。冷锋暴雨的水汽输送主要依靠台风低压外围的偏东急流来传递,水汽输送以850 hPa层附近最为显著。当台风西行移至台湾岛附近活动,而青藏高原东北侧的陕西有冷锋过境东移时,此时出现冷锋暴雨的降水增幅明显。
2006, 34(1):47-51.
Abstract:
Using the data of the number of autumn precipitation days from 104 stations in the eastern Northwest China from 1960 to 2000,by means of principal component and rotated principal component analysis methods,the abnormal temporal-spatial characteristics of autumn precipitation days are analyzed.The results show that the number of autumn precipitation days(above 0.1 mm) decreases from south to north,and there are two more-than-normal precipitation centers: one in the Qilian Mountain region and the other over the southern Qinghai Province and the northern Sichuan Province.Its abnormal distribution has two patterns: consistent(abnor-)(mity) and northwest-southeast reverse abnormity.The climate region can be divided into several sections: the east sub-tropic monsoon zone,northeast Qinghai and central Gansu,Hexi and Hetao of Gansu,southern Qinghai Plateau and western Sichuan Plateau.The inter-annual changes of the number of precipitation days at representative stations show a decreasing trend,and the year of 1978 is the turning point.
Using the data of the number of autumn precipitation days from 104 stations in the eastern Northwest China from 1960 to 2000,by means of principal component and rotated principal component analysis methods,the abnormal temporal-spatial characteristics of autumn precipitation days are analyzed.The results show that the number of autumn precipitation days(above 0.1 mm) decreases from south to north,and there are two more-than-normal precipitation centers: one in the Qilian Mountain region and the other over the southern Qinghai Province and the northern Sichuan Province.Its abnormal distribution has two patterns: consistent(abnor-)(mity) and northwest-southeast reverse abnormity.The climate region can be divided into several sections: the east sub-tropic monsoon zone,northeast Qinghai and central Gansu,Hexi and Hetao of Gansu,southern Qinghai Plateau and western Sichuan Plateau.The inter-annual changes of the number of precipitation days at representative stations show a decreasing trend,and the year of 1978 is the turning point.
2006, 34(1):52-56.
Abstract:
应用主分量方法分析了云南省84站1991～2000年雨季（5～10月）逐候降水量的主要时空特征,并用非整波技术分析了所提取的第1、第2主分量频谱分布的低频振荡特点,同时分析了低频振荡现象与El Nino（La Nina）事件及云南雨季降水多、少之间的关系.结果表明：①云南地区雨季降水主要低频振荡周期为6候（30天）、10候（50天）的月际振荡和15～17候（75～85天）的季节内振荡;②云南雨季的候降水每年都存在30天振荡周期,30天振荡是云南雨季固有的振荡;③当发生El Nino或La Nina异常气候事件时,云南雨季的候降水存在50天振荡周期;④当云南雨季存在75～85天振荡时,云南主汛期（6～8月）降水距平百分率为正（除2000年为零距平）;当云南雨季不存在75～85天振荡时,云南主汛期降水距平百分率为负.
应用主分量方法分析了云南省84站1991～2000年雨季（5～10月）逐候降水量的主要时空特征,并用非整波技术分析了所提取的第1、第2主分量频谱分布的低频振荡特点,同时分析了低频振荡现象与El Nino（La Nina）事件及云南雨季降水多、少之间的关系.结果表明：①云南地区雨季降水主要低频振荡周期为6候（30天）、10候（50天）的月际振荡和15～17候（75～85天）的季节内振荡;②云南雨季的候降水每年都存在30天振荡周期,30天振荡是云南雨季固有的振荡;③当发生El Nino或La Nina异常气候事件时,云南雨季的候降水存在50天振荡周期;④当云南雨季存在75～85天振荡时,云南主汛期（6～8月）降水距平百分率为正（除2000年为零距平）;当云南雨季不存在75～85天振荡时,云南主汛期降水距平百分率为负.
2006, 34(1):57-61.
Abstract:
根据山东省60个气象站1961～2001年的气温与降水资料,利用回归分析、功率谱分析等方法,研究了山东省近41年气温与降水的年、季变化倾向、阶段性和周期性等变化特征.结果表明：①近41年山东省年平均气温有显著的上升趋势,各季平均气温虽也均呈上升趋势,但增温趋势表现出明显的季节非对称性,其中以冬季气温增幅最大.②年降水量呈下降趋势,年降水量减幅为每10年 31.7 mm;不同季节降水的变化趋势有所不同,其中夏季降水减幅最大,而冬季降水略有增加.③山东省年平均气温的演变表现出明显的阶段性和周期性的基本特点,而降水的阶段性和周期性特征则不如气温显著.
根据山东省60个气象站1961～2001年的气温与降水资料,利用回归分析、功率谱分析等方法,研究了山东省近41年气温与降水的年、季变化倾向、阶段性和周期性等变化特征.结果表明：①近41年山东省年平均气温有显著的上升趋势,各季平均气温虽也均呈上升趋势,但增温趋势表现出明显的季节非对称性,其中以冬季气温增幅最大.②年降水量呈下降趋势,年降水量减幅为每10年 31.7 mm;不同季节降水的变化趋势有所不同,其中夏季降水减幅最大,而冬季降水略有增加.③山东省年平均气温的演变表现出明显的阶段性和周期性的基本特点,而降水的阶段性和周期性特征则不如气温显著.
2006, 34(1):62-67.
Abstract:
Some special years were identified by using the singular value decomposition(SVD) analysis between 500 hPa height fields and Shandong precipitation in the same periods: July,August and summer,respectively.The 500 hPa height fields in special years were synthesized,and the results indicate: The unconventionality of the position and strength of the western subtropical high has an important influence on Shandong precipitation.While the western subtropical high is weaker and its position is farther northern,there is more rainfall in Shandong;and while the western subtropical high is stronger and its position is farther southern and western,there is less rainfall in Shandong.In addition,the unconventionality of the 500 hPa height field over the South China Sea and Philippines has close relation with the western subtropical high.
Some special years were identified by using the singular value decomposition(SVD) analysis between 500 hPa height fields and Shandong precipitation in the same periods: July,August and summer,respectively.The 500 hPa height fields in special years were synthesized,and the results indicate: The unconventionality of the position and strength of the western subtropical high has an important influence on Shandong precipitation.While the western subtropical high is weaker and its position is farther northern,there is more rainfall in Shandong;and while the western subtropical high is stronger and its position is farther southern and western,there is less rainfall in Shandong.In addition,the unconventionality of the 500 hPa height field over the South China Sea and Philippines has close relation with the western subtropical high.
2006, 34(1):68-72.
Abstract:
Based on the observational data of Shaanxi Province from 1961 to 2002, after minimizing the possible biases caused by urban heat,the first eigenvector values of maximum and minimum temperature were obtained by the empirical orthogonal function method,which are positive in four seasons and whose variance contributions are over 60 percent.The temporal coefficients of the first eigenvectors can reflect the variation of maximum and minimum temperature.According to these coefficients,the spatial and temporal distributions of trends for maximum and minimum temperature were studied.The results show both maximum and minimum temperature show an increasing trend after 1984 in all seasons.These trends were centered around the central and western parts of Guanzhong and Weibei.Except in autumn,an increasing trend for temperature daily range is found in other seasons over the recent ten years,which was possibly caused by the decreasing of cloudy quantity.
Based on the observational data of Shaanxi Province from 1961 to 2002, after minimizing the possible biases caused by urban heat,the first eigenvector values of maximum and minimum temperature were obtained by the empirical orthogonal function method,which are positive in four seasons and whose variance contributions are over 60 percent.The temporal coefficients of the first eigenvectors can reflect the variation of maximum and minimum temperature.According to these coefficients,the spatial and temporal distributions of trends for maximum and minimum temperature were studied.The results show both maximum and minimum temperature show an increasing trend after 1984 in all seasons.These trends were centered around the central and western parts of Guanzhong and Weibei.Except in autumn,an increasing trend for temperature daily range is found in other seasons over the recent ten years,which was possibly caused by the decreasing of cloudy quantity.
2006, 34(1):73-77.
Abstract:
Base on the compound analysis of radiosonde data from 1980 to 1999,the ambient fields of hail events in springtime in Fujian Province were summarized.The main weather patterns which engender hails in Fujian are: moderate cold shear,moderate vortex and cold shear,westward deflection vortex and cold shear,southward deflection cold shear,and westward deflection cold shear.The main influencing weather systems are: upper-level westerly trough,southern branch trough,subtropical jet,strong low-level southwest jet and quasi-stationary shear line.An analysis was made of the thermal and dynamic conditions and water vapor conditions during the hail events.It is found that Fujian Province was in the area of high-energy,strong potential instability,and high water vapor flux during the hail events.It was in favor of the convection development over Fujian Province that there was convergence at the low level and divergence at the upper-level.
Base on the compound analysis of radiosonde data from 1980 to 1999,the ambient fields of hail events in springtime in Fujian Province were summarized.The main weather patterns which engender hails in Fujian are: moderate cold shear,moderate vortex and cold shear,westward deflection vortex and cold shear,southward deflection cold shear,and westward deflection cold shear.The main influencing weather systems are: upper-level westerly trough,southern branch trough,subtropical jet,strong low-level southwest jet and quasi-stationary shear line.An analysis was made of the thermal and dynamic conditions and water vapor conditions during the hail events.It is found that Fujian Province was in the area of high-energy,strong potential instability,and high water vapor flux during the hail events.It was in favor of the convection development over Fujian Province that there was convergence at the low level and divergence at the upper-level.
2006, 34(1):78-82.
Abstract:
The temperature,precipitation around last century retrieved by tree ring in the northern and middle parts of Ningxia were used to fit and prolong the series of precipitation and temperature anomaly in the sandy lands to the east of the yellow river and the climate tendency in the last century was analyzed.The climate features there were studied in detail using the meteorological data from six typical stations.The results show that it was cold and dry in the first three decades;then turned warm and wet till the mid of the 1950s.After the end of 1950s,there was a typical cold and wet period,and after the 1960s it was relatively cold and dry.Since the middle 1980s till now,it was relatively warm and dry.The temperature,precipitation,evaporation,relative humidity and average wind velocity varied in different places and different periods.
The temperature,precipitation around last century retrieved by tree ring in the northern and middle parts of Ningxia were used to fit and prolong the series of precipitation and temperature anomaly in the sandy lands to the east of the yellow river and the climate tendency in the last century was analyzed.The climate features there were studied in detail using the meteorological data from six typical stations.The results show that it was cold and dry in the first three decades;then turned warm and wet till the mid of the 1950s.After the end of 1950s,there was a typical cold and wet period,and after the 1960s it was relatively cold and dry.Since the middle 1980s till now,it was relatively warm and dry.The temperature,precipitation,evaporation,relative humidity and average wind velocity varied in different places and different periods.
2006, 34(1):83-87.
Abstract:
Maximum and minimum temperature can be used as a key indicator or index for climate change or the intensity of an extreme climatic event.By using the observational temperature gradient data at the heights of 1,2,4,10,16 m obtained in the Dingxi Arid Meteorological and Environment Experimental Base from 17 October 2003 to 6 April 2004,the characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature changes were analyzed.The results show that daily maximum temperature decreased from lower layer to upper layer,while the minimum temperature increased,which accords with the law of exponent/logarithm.The maximum temperature appeared(2.5) hours after the noon,and if there was a severe weather event,the maximum mostly appeared after 20:00.The minimum temperature appeared first at the height of 2 m,and mostly appeared before sunrise at the heights lower than 4 m while appeared after sunrise at the heights higher than 4 m.
Maximum and minimum temperature can be used as a key indicator or index for climate change or the intensity of an extreme climatic event.By using the observational temperature gradient data at the heights of 1,2,4,10,16 m obtained in the Dingxi Arid Meteorological and Environment Experimental Base from 17 October 2003 to 6 April 2004,the characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature changes were analyzed.The results show that daily maximum temperature decreased from lower layer to upper layer,while the minimum temperature increased,which accords with the law of exponent/logarithm.The maximum temperature appeared(2.5) hours after the noon,and if there was a severe weather event,the maximum mostly appeared after 20:00.The minimum temperature appeared first at the height of 2 m,and mostly appeared before sunrise at the heights lower than 4 m while appeared after sunrise at the heights higher than 4 m.
17 Analysis of Characteristics of Doppler Weather Radar Images during a Precipitation Process in Spring
2006, 34(1):88-92.
Abstract:
A large-scale heavy rainfall process occurred in North China on 25 April 2004 is analyzed,and the methods of using Doppler weather radar radial velocity PPI and vertical velocity profile(VWP) are introduced.Based on the two radar products,the situation of cold and thermal advection,convergence and divergence at different altitudes can be identified comprehensively and then either ascending or descending air can be identified,so to deduce the occurrence of rainfall.Meanwhile,according to the analyses of this rainfall case,some Doppler weather radar image characteristics during heavy rainfall in spring are discussed.It is found out that there are obvious characteristics in the two radar products at the different stages of rainfall development(formation,development,and dissipation),which provides some reference for rainfall forecasting in spring.
A large-scale heavy rainfall process occurred in North China on 25 April 2004 is analyzed,and the methods of using Doppler weather radar radial velocity PPI and vertical velocity profile(VWP) are introduced.Based on the two radar products,the situation of cold and thermal advection,convergence and divergence at different altitudes can be identified comprehensively and then either ascending or descending air can be identified,so to deduce the occurrence of rainfall.Meanwhile,according to the analyses of this rainfall case,some Doppler weather radar image characteristics during heavy rainfall in spring are discussed.It is found out that there are obvious characteristics in the two radar products at the different stages of rainfall development(formation,development,and dissipation),which provides some reference for rainfall forecasting in spring.
18 Application of New Airborne AgI Flare Seeding Generator to Precipitation Enhancement with Aircraft
2006, 34(1):93-97.
Abstract:
文章对我国新型AgI末端燃烧器的研制情况、结构和改造及其使用作了介绍,简述了这种新催化工具的特点,结合2002年12月至2004年9月,新型AgI末端燃烧器在河北、河南、青海、山东和北京飞机人工增雨探测作业试验,介绍了新型AgI末端燃烧器在3种增雨探测作业机型中的使用情况,并就其中遇到的问题进行了讨论,对如何结合探测作业飞机上所加载的GPS导航数据记录系统及其它辅助记录数据进行催化作业情况记录进行了说明.
文章对我国新型AgI末端燃烧器的研制情况、结构和改造及其使用作了介绍,简述了这种新催化工具的特点,结合2002年12月至2004年9月,新型AgI末端燃烧器在河北、河南、青海、山东和北京飞机人工增雨探测作业试验,介绍了新型AgI末端燃烧器在3种增雨探测作业机型中的使用情况,并就其中遇到的问题进行了讨论,对如何结合探测作业飞机上所加载的GPS导航数据记录系统及其它辅助记录数据进行催化作业情况记录进行了说明.
2006, 34(1):98-101.
Abstract:
通过对国内外太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的分析对比,确定Q=Q0(a+bS)为山东省太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据济南、福山、莒县1961~2000年历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中各月的经验系数,并计算了山东省各地的月太阳总辐射。结果表明:山东省太阳总辐射年变化都表现为5月最大,12月最小。年太阳总辐射在4488~5692 MJ.m-2之间,北部多,南部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在鲁北的庆云,其值高达5692 MJ.m-2,最低值出现在鲁西南的曹县,其值为4488 MJ.m-2。
通过对国内外太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的分析对比,确定Q=Q0(a+bS)为山东省太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据济南、福山、莒县1961~2000年历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中各月的经验系数,并计算了山东省各地的月太阳总辐射。结果表明:山东省太阳总辐射年变化都表现为5月最大,12月最小。年太阳总辐射在4488~5692 MJ.m-2之间,北部多,南部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在鲁北的庆云,其值高达5692 MJ.m-2,最低值出现在鲁西南的曹县,其值为4488 MJ.m-2。
2006, 34(1):102-106.
Abstract:
The analysis of climate change and its effect on the soil moisture of grasslands has great significance to the understanding of the reasons for grassland degradation and the recovering of the grassland ecosystem.Based on the 40year climate data and 20-year observational data of soil moisture,the climate change trend and its effect on soil moisture over the Inner Mongolia typical steppe are analyzed by using the linear trend method,etc.The results show that the 40-year climate change trend over the Inner Mongolia typical steppe is similar with that of the global climate;the main factors influencing soil moisture are precipitation and evaporation,but air temperature influences indirectly the soil moisture through affecting evaporation.The difference between evaporation and precipitation is a direct index for analyzing the effect of climate change on soil moisture.Climate warming results in the increase of water evaporation,and thus accelerates the drying rate of soil under the condition of insignificant precipitation increase.
The analysis of climate change and its effect on the soil moisture of grasslands has great significance to the understanding of the reasons for grassland degradation and the recovering of the grassland ecosystem.Based on the 40year climate data and 20-year observational data of soil moisture,the climate change trend and its effect on soil moisture over the Inner Mongolia typical steppe are analyzed by using the linear trend method,etc.The results show that the 40-year climate change trend over the Inner Mongolia typical steppe is similar with that of the global climate;the main factors influencing soil moisture are precipitation and evaporation,but air temperature influences indirectly the soil moisture through affecting evaporation.The difference between evaporation and precipitation is a direct index for analyzing the effect of climate change on soil moisture.Climate warming results in the increase of water evaporation,and thus accelerates the drying rate of soil under the condition of insignificant precipitation increase.
2006, 34(1):107-111.
Abstract:
Forest-fire disasters occurs frequently in Henan Province, and great damage has been caused by forest-fire disasters.Without an effective countermeasure against forest fires,unnecessary economic damage and valuable forest resources depletion often occur.An automatic and procedural preventing system of forest-fire disasters is built by means of SSS technology on the basis of the long-time satellite remote sensing practice.The technical features and the main functions of this system are described in detail.The software-controlled operation is realized from data collecting and processing to service providing,and the fire-point images and weather and forest-fire risk forecasts can be superposed with GIS information through SSS technology in the system.
Forest-fire disasters occurs frequently in Henan Province, and great damage has been caused by forest-fire disasters.Without an effective countermeasure against forest fires,unnecessary economic damage and valuable forest resources depletion often occur.An automatic and procedural preventing system of forest-fire disasters is built by means of SSS technology on the basis of the long-time satellite remote sensing practice.The technical features and the main functions of this system are described in detail.The software-controlled operation is realized from data collecting and processing to service providing,and the fire-point images and weather and forest-fire risk forecasts can be superposed with GIS information through SSS technology in the system.
2006, 34(1):112-115.
Abstract:
The China Mobile GRPS wireless communication technology was adopted instead of the routine telephone dial mode in the collection and transmission of observation data of 22 automatic weather stations.The results of the trial run in meteorological operation indicate that GPRS communication is of great advantages,such as real-time online transmitting,rapid logon,reasonable fee,easy monitoring,being safe and reliable,etc.Especially while meteorological data transmission interrupted suddenly or frequently,GPRS performed well.GPRS communication is suitable to the collection and transmission of observation data of the mesoscale automatic weather station network.According to the development prospects of GPRS,the future application in the(meteorological) service is also discussed.
The China Mobile GRPS wireless communication technology was adopted instead of the routine telephone dial mode in the collection and transmission of observation data of 22 automatic weather stations.The results of the trial run in meteorological operation indicate that GPRS communication is of great advantages,such as real-time online transmitting,rapid logon,reasonable fee,easy monitoring,being safe and reliable,etc.Especially while meteorological data transmission interrupted suddenly or frequently,GPRS performed well.GPRS communication is suitable to the collection and transmission of observation data of the mesoscale automatic weather station network.According to the development prospects of GPRS,the future application in the(meteorological) service is also discussed.
2006, 34(1):116-118.
Abstract:
The auto-checking of surface temperature by means of computers is one of key difficulties in the auto-checking of surface meteorological data technically.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of surface temperature observation,a method of standard error(neighboring difference) for automatically checking surface temperature observation data was presented.The steps of this method are introduced in detail.Since the method is the computational simulation of the manual check essentially and the objective computational method is applied,the check quality is the same as the manual check,and even more complete.As a test,the method has been applied in the auto-checking software of surface meteorological data in Zhejiang Province.It has been proven that it shows good effectiveness for improving the quality of surface temperature data check.
The auto-checking of surface temperature by means of computers is one of key difficulties in the auto-checking of surface meteorological data technically.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of surface temperature observation,a method of standard error(neighboring difference) for automatically checking surface temperature observation data was presented.The steps of this method are introduced in detail.Since the method is the computational simulation of the manual check essentially and the objective computational method is applied,the check quality is the same as the manual check,and even more complete.As a test,the method has been applied in the auto-checking software of surface meteorological data in Zhejiang Province.It has been proven that it shows good effectiveness for improving the quality of surface temperature data check.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.