Volume 34,Issue 5,2006 Table of Contents
2006, 34(5):513-520.
Abstract:
Progress in researches on explicit cloud microphysical schemes is reviewed.There are mainly two kinds of explicit cloud microphysical schemes: bulk water technique and spectral bin microphysical(SBM) cloud models.The methods for describing particle spectra in the bulk water technique include single-moment technique and double-moment technique.According to the variables and microphysical processes adding in the model,the schemes can be divided into three classes: warm rain scheme,simple ice-phased scheme and complex ice-phased scheme.Because of numerous variables in the SBM cloud mode and high computational cost,the SBM cloud model is usually used in research.Different models have different explicit cloud schemes.A better simulation is not certainly resulted from a more complex cloud scheme.Different cloud schemes should be selected according to the importance of the study and computational resources.The parameterization of physical processes should be based on the theoretical and laboratory results.The theoretical and laboratory study on the subject should be strengthened to make the parameterization of physical processes more reasonable.
Progress in researches on explicit cloud microphysical schemes is reviewed.There are mainly two kinds of explicit cloud microphysical schemes: bulk water technique and spectral bin microphysical(SBM) cloud models.The methods for describing particle spectra in the bulk water technique include single-moment technique and double-moment technique.According to the variables and microphysical processes adding in the model,the schemes can be divided into three classes: warm rain scheme,simple ice-phased scheme and complex ice-phased scheme.Because of numerous variables in the SBM cloud mode and high computational cost,the SBM cloud model is usually used in research.Different models have different explicit cloud schemes.A better simulation is not certainly resulted from a more complex cloud scheme.Different cloud schemes should be selected according to the importance of the study and computational resources.The parameterization of physical processes should be based on the theoretical and laboratory results.The theoretical and laboratory study on the subject should be strengthened to make the parameterization of physical processes more reasonable.
2006, 34(5):521-526.
Abstract:
分析了应用于西南地区的MM5、GRAEPS、AREM和成都区域业务运行数值模式（η）4个区域模式对2004年6月29～30日成都邻近地区和9月2～6日四川盆地东北部的暴雨降水过程进行了模拟。模拟结果表明，4个区域模式对这两次强降水过程有不同程度的反映。MM5、GRAPES和AREM显示了较好的预报能力，特别是MM5和AREM模式的预报在落区、强度和降水演变上与实况较一致。AREM模式预报的雨区清晰，但降水强度偏弱；MM5模式在预报出强降水的同时，出现较多的虚假降水，对持续时间长的降水过程预报较好，GRAPES预报的雨区较不稳定，但对持续时间短的过程有较好的反映；η模式降水预报偏小太多，对6月30日的过程在盆地的预报无明显反映。因此，有必要加大区域模式本地化工作，发展适合西南地区的数值模式，开展数值集合预报技术研究，整体提高成都区域中心数值预报水平。
分析了应用于西南地区的MM5、GRAEPS、AREM和成都区域业务运行数值模式（η）4个区域模式对2004年6月29～30日成都邻近地区和9月2～6日四川盆地东北部的暴雨降水过程进行了模拟。模拟结果表明，4个区域模式对这两次强降水过程有不同程度的反映。MM5、GRAPES和AREM显示了较好的预报能力，特别是MM5和AREM模式的预报在落区、强度和降水演变上与实况较一致。AREM模式预报的雨区清晰，但降水强度偏弱；MM5模式在预报出强降水的同时，出现较多的虚假降水，对持续时间长的降水过程预报较好，GRAPES预报的雨区较不稳定，但对持续时间短的过程有较好的反映；η模式降水预报偏小太多，对6月30日的过程在盆地的预报无明显反映。因此，有必要加大区域模式本地化工作，发展适合西南地区的数值模式，开展数值集合预报技术研究，整体提高成都区域中心数值预报水平。
2006, 34(5):527-531.
Abstract:
用2000～2003年GMS红外云图资料，统计分析了影响浙江省降水系统的红外云图特征及其与地面1h降水量的关系。结果表明：降水云团的云顶亮温、1h云顶亮温差、云顶亮温梯度和云团移动速度与地面降水强度的对应关系是非线性的，并且随季节的变化它们的关系又有明显变化；随着云顶亮温的降低，1h降水量降水强度逐渐增大，出现强降水的机率也明显增多；浙江省内易出现2．0mm／h（中雨）、7．0mm／h（大雨）、15．0mm／h（暴雨）强降水的云顶亮温指标分别为-30℃、-36℃、-41℃。
用2000～2003年GMS红外云图资料，统计分析了影响浙江省降水系统的红外云图特征及其与地面1h降水量的关系。结果表明：降水云团的云顶亮温、1h云顶亮温差、云顶亮温梯度和云团移动速度与地面降水强度的对应关系是非线性的，并且随季节的变化它们的关系又有明显变化；随着云顶亮温的降低，1h降水量降水强度逐渐增大，出现强降水的机率也明显增多；浙江省内易出现2．0mm／h（中雨）、7．0mm／h（大雨）、15．0mm／h（暴雨）强降水的云顶亮温指标分别为-30℃、-36℃、-41℃。
4 Statistical Characteristics and Atmospheric Circulation Patterns of Thunder Days in Jiangsu Province
2006, 34(5):532-537.
Abstract:
Based on the meteorological data from 1961 to 2003 in Jiangsu Province,the statistical analysis indicates: 96% to 98% thunder days occurs in March and September,and the number of thunder days is 27 to 36 days in a normal year.The area around the Taihu Lake sees thunder days most frequently,whereas Xuzhou the least,and the Lixiahe and Hongzehu Lake region is in the middle.The number of thunder days can change greatly year by year with the maximum value being 2.5 times as great as the minimum one.For the characteristics of atmospheric circulation factors on 500 hPa can indicate weather trend and control weather condition,a number of factors are selected as prediction factors,which are highly correlative,stable and independent,and the prediction model of atmospheric circulation patterns for thunder days in Jiangsu Province is developed.These patterns can be used in practical forecasting and get good results.
Based on the meteorological data from 1961 to 2003 in Jiangsu Province,the statistical analysis indicates: 96% to 98% thunder days occurs in March and September,and the number of thunder days is 27 to 36 days in a normal year.The area around the Taihu Lake sees thunder days most frequently,whereas Xuzhou the least,and the Lixiahe and Hongzehu Lake region is in the middle.The number of thunder days can change greatly year by year with the maximum value being 2.5 times as great as the minimum one.For the characteristics of atmospheric circulation factors on 500 hPa can indicate weather trend and control weather condition,a number of factors are selected as prediction factors,which are highly correlative,stable and independent,and the prediction model of atmospheric circulation patterns for thunder days in Jiangsu Province is developed.These patterns can be used in practical forecasting and get good results.
2006, 34(5):538-541.
Abstract:
NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and ozone and methane data of HALOE are used to study the lower-stratospheric(100 to 50 hPa) temperature trends and its relations to tracers likes ozone and methane and the mean zonal wind.The results indicate that the global temperature in the lower stratosphere trends to decrease since 1948,and the phenomenon is severer during recent ten or more years;the increase of the lower-stratospheric methane over tropics and lower latitudes may be a great cause for the temperature trends;besides,the difference of temperature variability between different zonal belts may modify the mean zonal wind.
NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and ozone and methane data of HALOE are used to study the lower-stratospheric(100 to 50 hPa) temperature trends and its relations to tracers likes ozone and methane and the mean zonal wind.The results indicate that the global temperature in the lower stratosphere trends to decrease since 1948,and the phenomenon is severer during recent ten or more years;the increase of the lower-stratospheric methane over tropics and lower latitudes may be a great cause for the temperature trends;besides,the difference of temperature variability between different zonal belts may modify the mean zonal wind.
2006, 34(5):542-546.
Abstract:
The interannual and interdecadal variability of East Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on summer precipitation over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin are investigated based on NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and 39-station rainfall data from 1951 to 2000. The results show that both East Asian summer monsoon and the rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River Basin possesses the variation periods of 3 - 5 and 10 - 12 years. Two climatic jumps occurred at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1980s, respectively. East Asian summer monsoon significantly influences the rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin. In addition, factors such as the westerly and the Western Pacific subtropical high have also impacts on summer rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin.
The interannual and interdecadal variability of East Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on summer precipitation over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin are investigated based on NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and 39-station rainfall data from 1951 to 2000. The results show that both East Asian summer monsoon and the rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River Basin possesses the variation periods of 3 - 5 and 10 - 12 years. Two climatic jumps occurred at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1980s, respectively. East Asian summer monsoon significantly influences the rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin. In addition, factors such as the westerly and the Western Pacific subtropical high have also impacts on summer rainfall over the Songhuajiang-Nenjiang River basin.
2006, 34(5):547-552.
Abstract:
By using monthly air temperature data from eighty meteorological stations in Shandong Province and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on general circulation from 1961 to 2003,the features of the variation,linear trend,and spacial distribution of air temperature abnormality in winter and summer,as well as the relation between monsoon and air temperature,are analyzed.The results show that the changing trends are distinctly different between winter and summer.There is a remarkable increasing trend in winter,but there is no obvious change in summer.The 2-6 year oscillation periods are passed the 0.05 level test in different time periods.The wavelet analysis confirms that the summer temperature is lower in 2004.The effect of East Asia monsoon on temperature is significant.When the winter(summer) monsoon intensity strengthens(weakens),the air temperature is lower(higher).However,the effect of the winter monsoon on winter temperature is more obvious than that of summer monsoon on summer temperature.The correlation between summer and winter monsoon has positive influence on air temperature variation.
By using monthly air temperature data from eighty meteorological stations in Shandong Province and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on general circulation from 1961 to 2003,the features of the variation,linear trend,and spacial distribution of air temperature abnormality in winter and summer,as well as the relation between monsoon and air temperature,are analyzed.The results show that the changing trends are distinctly different between winter and summer.There is a remarkable increasing trend in winter,but there is no obvious change in summer.The 2-6 year oscillation periods are passed the 0.05 level test in different time periods.The wavelet analysis confirms that the summer temperature is lower in 2004.The effect of East Asia monsoon on temperature is significant.When the winter(summer) monsoon intensity strengthens(weakens),the air temperature is lower(higher).However,the effect of the winter monsoon on winter temperature is more obvious than that of summer monsoon on summer temperature.The correlation between summer and winter monsoon has positive influence on air temperature variation.
2006, 34(5):553-557.
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of hourly rainfall in 200 mountain torrent disaster cases and the water-levels and runoff of 15 examples,it is found that the rainfall distributions in mountain torrent disasters generally can be divided into three kinds: mono-apex,bi-apex and multi-apex.The majority were the mono-apex.Mesoscale system activities are found in all of the cases.In mono-apex cases,rains are mostly local,and the heavy rains are transitory.While in bi-apex examples,rains are mainly systematic,and the heavy rain lasts for a longer time.In multi-apex cases,rains are durative,and heavy rains goes on for a long time.The key factor that triggers mountain torrents is the 6-hour rainfall intensity in most cases.
Based on the analysis of hourly rainfall in 200 mountain torrent disaster cases and the water-levels and runoff of 15 examples,it is found that the rainfall distributions in mountain torrent disasters generally can be divided into three kinds: mono-apex,bi-apex and multi-apex.The majority were the mono-apex.Mesoscale system activities are found in all of the cases.In mono-apex cases,rains are mostly local,and the heavy rains are transitory.While in bi-apex examples,rains are mainly systematic,and the heavy rain lasts for a longer time.In multi-apex cases,rains are durative,and heavy rains goes on for a long time.The key factor that triggers mountain torrents is the 6-hour rainfall intensity in most cases.
2006, 34(5):558-562.
Abstract:
According to the hail data of the recent 40 years(from 1962 to 2002) over Qinghai Province,the temporal-spatial distributional characteristics of the hail disaster occurrence frequency,disaster area,and disaster rate are studied. The result shows: The frequency of hail disaster occurrence increased gradually from the 1960s,reached the peak in the 1980s,and decreased gradually from the 1990s.Hail disasters occurred in Qinghai Province from May to October,mostly in June,July and August.The hail disasters occurred in the northeastern part accounts for 86.35% of total hail disasters.The high-frequency hail disaster area did not overlap with the high-frequency hail event area.The hail disaster area increased gradually also over the whole province,basically in agreement with the tendency of the hail disaster occurrence frequency.There is intermonthly variation in the average disaster area and disaster rate for all parts of Qinghai Province,with the maximums of the disaster area and disaster rate in July and September in the northeastern Qinghai,and those of both disaster area and disaster rate in July for the southern Qinghai.The diameters of hailstones inducing disasters appear between 20 and 30 mm mostly.Both disaster area and disaster rate increase with the increasing hailstone diameter.When the diameters of hailstones exceed 40 mm,crops will be damaged destructively.
According to the hail data of the recent 40 years(from 1962 to 2002) over Qinghai Province,the temporal-spatial distributional characteristics of the hail disaster occurrence frequency,disaster area,and disaster rate are studied. The result shows: The frequency of hail disaster occurrence increased gradually from the 1960s,reached the peak in the 1980s,and decreased gradually from the 1990s.Hail disasters occurred in Qinghai Province from May to October,mostly in June,July and August.The hail disasters occurred in the northeastern part accounts for 86.35% of total hail disasters.The high-frequency hail disaster area did not overlap with the high-frequency hail event area.The hail disaster area increased gradually also over the whole province,basically in agreement with the tendency of the hail disaster occurrence frequency.There is intermonthly variation in the average disaster area and disaster rate for all parts of Qinghai Province,with the maximums of the disaster area and disaster rate in July and September in the northeastern Qinghai,and those of both disaster area and disaster rate in July for the southern Qinghai.The diameters of hailstones inducing disasters appear between 20 and 30 mm mostly.Both disaster area and disaster rate increase with the increasing hailstone diameter.When the diameters of hailstones exceed 40 mm,crops will be damaged destructively.
2006, 34(5):563-566.
Abstract:
用当前降水和蒸发因子以及前期降水因子定义了黔东南夏季旱涝指数，用此指数计算了黔东南1971～2000年的夏旱指数，同时对各年的夏季旱涝进行了定级，检验证明，此指标对黔东南夏季旱涝等级的划分比日常业务中使用的降水百分率对黔东南夏季旱涝的等级划分更符合实际情况。讨论了黔东南夏季干旱的时空变化特征，得出结论：①夏季干旱主要出现在7～8月，6月干旱较轻，7月重早出现的概率最大，8月次之；②20世纪70年代干旱主要出现在7月，80年代整个夏季均少雨干旱，以中等以上干旱为主，90年代降水较多，没有重旱出现；③黔东南州的夏季干旱，东南部出现的概率最大，西北部最小；但7月干F旱多出现在东北部地区，8月的干旱西北部和东南部多于西南部和东北部。
用当前降水和蒸发因子以及前期降水因子定义了黔东南夏季旱涝指数，用此指数计算了黔东南1971～2000年的夏旱指数，同时对各年的夏季旱涝进行了定级，检验证明，此指标对黔东南夏季旱涝等级的划分比日常业务中使用的降水百分率对黔东南夏季旱涝的等级划分更符合实际情况。讨论了黔东南夏季干旱的时空变化特征，得出结论：①夏季干旱主要出现在7～8月，6月干旱较轻，7月重早出现的概率最大，8月次之；②20世纪70年代干旱主要出现在7月，80年代整个夏季均少雨干旱，以中等以上干旱为主，90年代降水较多，没有重旱出现；③黔东南州的夏季干旱，东南部出现的概率最大，西北部最小；但7月干F旱多出现在东北部地区，8月的干旱西北部和东南部多于西南部和东北部。
2006, 34(5):567-573.
Abstract:
Based on the reasonable numerical simulation for a Meiyu-front heavy rainfall during 24-25 June 2003 in the area south of the Changjiang River and the model products,an analysis is made of the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of large-scale stable latent heat release(LHR) and convective latent heat release,as well as the feedback mechanisms of latent heat in the process of the rainfall event.The results show that the averaged convective LHR was greater than the large-scale stable LHR throughout the event,and both(distributed) between 900 and 250 hPa with the center at 400 hPa;both the large-scale stable LHR and convective LHR increased and extended deep with strengthening rainfall.The "dry" experiment shows that LHR heated further the atmosphere and strengthened the upper-level high pressure and divergence,resulting in the enhancing of the upper-level northwest jet to the north;meanwhile,the effect of LHR weakened the lower-level low pressure,induced convergence,and strengthened the lower-level southwest jet to the south and the lower-level shear line.
Based on the reasonable numerical simulation for a Meiyu-front heavy rainfall during 24-25 June 2003 in the area south of the Changjiang River and the model products,an analysis is made of the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of large-scale stable latent heat release(LHR) and convective latent heat release,as well as the feedback mechanisms of latent heat in the process of the rainfall event.The results show that the averaged convective LHR was greater than the large-scale stable LHR throughout the event,and both(distributed) between 900 and 250 hPa with the center at 400 hPa;both the large-scale stable LHR and convective LHR increased and extended deep with strengthening rainfall.The "dry" experiment shows that LHR heated further the atmosphere and strengthened the upper-level high pressure and divergence,resulting in the enhancing of the upper-level northwest jet to the north;meanwhile,the effect of LHR weakened the lower-level low pressure,induced convergence,and strengthened the lower-level southwest jet to the south and the lower-level shear line.
2006, 34(5):574.
Abstract:
Based on conventional data,AMS(Automatic Meteorological Station)(data) and Doppler radar echo data,a squall happened in the central southern Fujian Province on 22 March 2005 is analyzed.The results show that Fujian was located in an unstable stratification being the dry and cold at the upper level and wet and warm at the lower troposphere;the approaching of the south trough in the westerlies and the cold front triggered the release of unstable energy.The heavy squall appeared in the superposed zone of the left divergence area around the exit of the upper-troposphere jet and the frontal convergence area of the surface front.The squall's evolution process can be well demonstrated by Doppler radar and AMS data.
Based on conventional data,AMS(Automatic Meteorological Station)(data) and Doppler radar echo data,a squall happened in the central southern Fujian Province on 22 March 2005 is analyzed.The results show that Fujian was located in an unstable stratification being the dry and cold at the upper level and wet and warm at the lower troposphere;the approaching of the south trough in the westerlies and the cold front triggered the release of unstable energy.The heavy squall appeared in the superposed zone of the left divergence area around the exit of the upper-troposphere jet and the frontal convergence area of the surface front.The squall's evolution process can be well demonstrated by Doppler radar and AMS data.
2006, 34(5):578.
Abstract:
A severe storm happened around the Three Gorges Dam area at midnight on 15 April 2002,which is the typical convective weather occurred under the condition that the cold front invades into the southwest inverted trough.The instant wind force reached 11,and the rainfall was about 50 mm per hour.The Doppler radar detected the mature thunderstorm echoes possessing the features of mesocyclones(V-pattern notches).The reinforced echoes maintained about 4 hours.According to the local records of instantaneous gusts,it is deduced that there might be strong downdraft currents near the surface,which led to catastrophic gusts.The energy of the strong gusts might come from the unstable convective energy accumulated in the middle troposphere,which is strongly indicative of the intensity of catastrophic gusts near the surface.It suggests that the strong gusts burst out when the unstable layer disappears.Different from other examples,the strong gusts and heavy rain in this case happened about one hour later of the occurrence of the strongest echo,highest echo top and largest vertically integrated liquid water content.The temporal lag can be the most important reference for weather forecasters to predict severe weather.
A severe storm happened around the Three Gorges Dam area at midnight on 15 April 2002,which is the typical convective weather occurred under the condition that the cold front invades into the southwest inverted trough.The instant wind force reached 11,and the rainfall was about 50 mm per hour.The Doppler radar detected the mature thunderstorm echoes possessing the features of mesocyclones(V-pattern notches).The reinforced echoes maintained about 4 hours.According to the local records of instantaneous gusts,it is deduced that there might be strong downdraft currents near the surface,which led to catastrophic gusts.The energy of the strong gusts might come from the unstable convective energy accumulated in the middle troposphere,which is strongly indicative of the intensity of catastrophic gusts near the surface.It suggests that the strong gusts burst out when the unstable layer disappears.Different from other examples,the strong gusts and heavy rain in this case happened about one hour later of the occurrence of the strongest echo,highest echo top and largest vertically integrated liquid water content.The temporal lag can be the most important reference for weather forecasters to predict severe weather.
2006, 34(5):583.
Abstract:
利用常规观测资料及新一代多普勒雷达资料对2004年3月30日发生在广东的强冰雹过程进行了详细分析。结果表明：中高层强冷空气入侵配合地面中尺度低压的发展，导致不稳定能量突增；下湿上干的不稳定层结、合适的0℃层与20℃层高度利于大冰雹的形成；强有力的中尺度抬升系统和强垂直风切变直接导致强对流的发生，并使强对流长时间维持。在强风暴的发展过程中，广州新一代多普勒雷达（CINRAD-SA）观测到高悬的强回波、风暴中低层强入流、风暴顶强辐散及冰雹云三体散射所产生的钉状回波（TBSS）等特征。雷达资料分析表明：TBSS的强度随着上升气流的强弱及冰雹的降落发生变化；即使无中气旋，持久稳定的风暴相对入流和风暴顶强辐散也能使强风暴长时间维持；风暴顶辐散减弱，标志着入流减弱，伴随着强回波核下降，风暴进入消亡阶段。
利用常规观测资料及新一代多普勒雷达资料对2004年3月30日发生在广东的强冰雹过程进行了详细分析。结果表明：中高层强冷空气入侵配合地面中尺度低压的发展，导致不稳定能量突增；下湿上干的不稳定层结、合适的0℃层与20℃层高度利于大冰雹的形成；强有力的中尺度抬升系统和强垂直风切变直接导致强对流的发生，并使强对流长时间维持。在强风暴的发展过程中，广州新一代多普勒雷达（CINRAD-SA）观测到高悬的强回波、风暴中低层强入流、风暴顶强辐散及冰雹云三体散射所产生的钉状回波（TBSS）等特征。雷达资料分析表明：TBSS的强度随着上升气流的强弱及冰雹的降落发生变化；即使无中气旋，持久稳定的风暴相对入流和风暴顶强辐散也能使强风暴长时间维持；风暴顶辐散减弱，标志着入流减弱，伴随着强回波核下降，风暴进入消亡阶段。
2006, 34(5):592-595.
Abstract:
Based on basic products of Doppler radar volume-scan data, the secondary products can be calculated. Combining these new products with national GIS data, the real-time processing system of Doppler radar data was developed. This command system can convert the volume data into PPI, CAPPI, ETPPI, CR, VIL, RHI and VCS products automatically. Also the system established the forecast model for weather modification. It greatly improves the command capability for prefecture-level rain enhancement and hail suppression operations.
Based on basic products of Doppler radar volume-scan data, the secondary products can be calculated. Combining these new products with national GIS data, the real-time processing system of Doppler radar data was developed. This command system can convert the volume data into PPI, CAPPI, ETPPI, CR, VIL, RHI and VCS products automatically. Also the system established the forecast model for weather modification. It greatly improves the command capability for prefecture-level rain enhancement and hail suppression operations.
16 Generating Method of Typical Meteorological Years and Quality Analysis of Raw Meteorological Data
2006, 34(5):596-599.
Abstract:
In order to analyze accurately building thermal performance and energy consumption,typical meteorological year(TMY) data are needed.The methods for generating TMY files for the seven representative cities for various climate zones around China are presented according to the standard GB50178-93,based on the available conventional weather data from the China Meteorological Center from 1970 to 2000.The quality control and processing process of raw meteorological data are discussed.
In order to analyze accurately building thermal performance and energy consumption,typical meteorological year(TMY) data are needed.The methods for generating TMY files for the seven representative cities for various climate zones around China are presented according to the standard GB50178-93,based on the available conventional weather data from the China Meteorological Center from 1970 to 2000.The quality control and processing process of raw meteorological data are discussed.
2006, 34(5):600-605.
Abstract:
In order to thoroughly understand the new characteristics of satellite infrared atmospheric sounding instruments,impel the application of satellite data,and provide scientific references for developing Chinese high-spectrum infrared atmospheric sounding instruments,taking the high spectrum sounding instrument AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) as an example,which is loaded in the American NASA Aqua satellite,an introduction is made on the satellite infrared atmospheric sounding researches,development background,instrument characteristics,development technology,data product processing and the application.The results indicate that AIRS inaugurate a new era.AIRS provides not only the necessary information for other high spectrum instruments that will be loaded in the satellites to be launched,but also important references for the high-spectrum infrared vertical atmospheric sounding instruments that will be loaded in Chinese FY satellites.
In order to thoroughly understand the new characteristics of satellite infrared atmospheric sounding instruments,impel the application of satellite data,and provide scientific references for developing Chinese high-spectrum infrared atmospheric sounding instruments,taking the high spectrum sounding instrument AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) as an example,which is loaded in the American NASA Aqua satellite,an introduction is made on the satellite infrared atmospheric sounding researches,development background,instrument characteristics,development technology,data product processing and the application.The results indicate that AIRS inaugurate a new era.AIRS provides not only the necessary information for other high spectrum instruments that will be loaded in the satellites to be launched,but also important references for the high-spectrum infrared vertical atmospheric sounding instruments that will be loaded in Chinese FY satellites.
2006, 34(5):606-609.
Abstract:
An intercomparison of radiosondes was held in Mauritius in February 2005. Manufactures from Finland, Japan, USA, France, UK, Germany, and Switzerland brought their products. It is in fact an international intercomparison of high-accuracy and high-technological sounding systems. These sounding systems adopt GPS wind-finding technology and have the features of slight volume, light weight, automatic signal-receiving and data-processing, and narrow communication channel. The sensors of these systems have distinctly small volume and high responding speed. In general, the technological features embody the development of global sounding technology. Analysis and introduction are made of the technological structures and functions of these sounding system.
An intercomparison of radiosondes was held in Mauritius in February 2005. Manufactures from Finland, Japan, USA, France, UK, Germany, and Switzerland brought their products. It is in fact an international intercomparison of high-accuracy and high-technological sounding systems. These sounding systems adopt GPS wind-finding technology and have the features of slight volume, light weight, automatic signal-receiving and data-processing, and narrow communication channel. The sensors of these systems have distinctly small volume and high responding speed. In general, the technological features embody the development of global sounding technology. Analysis and introduction are made of the technological structures and functions of these sounding system.
2006, 34(5):610.
Abstract:
To increase the accuracy of radar rainfall estimation, an automatic convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm based on radar reflectivity data at the Wuhan radar station is proposed. Based on the two-dimensional reflectivity field, it can identify bright bands, extract the information about the three-dimensional structure of precipitation, and use them to correct the preliminarily analyzed results. Evaluation shows that the method can separate most of the convective and stratiform cloud precipitation correctly, and the performance is obviously better than that by using two-dimensional information. Especially it can identify stratiform precipitation with an obvious bright band and weak echoes in the periphery of the convective core.
To increase the accuracy of radar rainfall estimation, an automatic convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm based on radar reflectivity data at the Wuhan radar station is proposed. Based on the two-dimensional reflectivity field, it can identify bright bands, extract the information about the three-dimensional structure of precipitation, and use them to correct the preliminarily analyzed results. Evaluation shows that the method can separate most of the convective and stratiform cloud precipitation correctly, and the performance is obviously better than that by using two-dimensional information. Especially it can identify stratiform precipitation with an obvious bright band and weak echoes in the periphery of the convective core.
2006, 34(5):615.
Abstract:
研究探讨了从雷达反射率三维结构（回波的垂直伸展、水平纹理、垂直梯度等）特征识别降水和非降水回波以及对非降水回波自动剔除和降水损失补偿的实时质量控制方法；同时利用武汉CINRAD／SA雷达364次体扫资料研究分析了降水和非降水的水平纹理（T）和垂直梯度（V）的分布特征及其判据指标。统计分析表明，99％的降水和3％的杂波落入8dBz／km之内的区域，在150km范围可以仅用V判据参数；另外，降水和杂波虽然分别倾向于T的低值和高值区，但没有V值表现明显，在150km外采用T参数结合平均强度计算的方法来识别降水与非降水。
研究探讨了从雷达反射率三维结构（回波的垂直伸展、水平纹理、垂直梯度等）特征识别降水和非降水回波以及对非降水回波自动剔除和降水损失补偿的实时质量控制方法；同时利用武汉CINRAD／SA雷达364次体扫资料研究分析了降水和非降水的水平纹理（T）和垂直梯度（V）的分布特征及其判据指标。统计分析表明，99％的降水和3％的杂波落入8dBz／km之内的区域，在150km范围可以仅用V判据参数；另外，降水和杂波虽然分别倾向于T的低值和高值区，但没有V值表现明显，在150km外采用T参数结合平均强度计算的方法来识别降水与非降水。
2006, 34(5):620.
Abstract:
Based on the clutter suppression principles of WSR-88D and Jinan CINRAD/SA radar detection data,an analysis is made of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of Anomalous Propagation(AP) echoes and the impact of AP echoes on the base data estimates and the derived products.The adaptable parameter settings of clutter suppression,which includes editing Suppression Regions and Operator Sel Code and Channel Width,when weather conditions changed are recommended.It is indicated that the appropriate application of clutter suppression regions can significantly improve the quality of the base data and all downstream products.The high level suppression can be invoked in the clear-air mode. The medium level suppression can be invoked when stratiform cloud precipitation regions are contaminated.The medium level suppression in the Doppler channel and high level suppression in the Surveillance channel can be invoked when convective precipitation cells are contaminated.
Based on the clutter suppression principles of WSR-88D and Jinan CINRAD/SA radar detection data,an analysis is made of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of Anomalous Propagation(AP) echoes and the impact of AP echoes on the base data estimates and the derived products.The adaptable parameter settings of clutter suppression,which includes editing Suppression Regions and Operator Sel Code and Channel Width,when weather conditions changed are recommended.It is indicated that the appropriate application of clutter suppression regions can significantly improve the quality of the base data and all downstream products.The high level suppression can be invoked in the clear-air mode. The medium level suppression can be invoked when stratiform cloud precipitation regions are contaminated.The medium level suppression in the Doppler channel and high level suppression in the Surveillance channel can be invoked when convective precipitation cells are contaminated.
2006, 34(5):624-627.
Abstract:
Obtaining all kinds of geophysical parameters to meet the demands of user application(including weather forecasting,environmental inspecting,global change research) is the principal goal for every country to develop meteorological satellites.Meteorological satellite databases,providing all kinds of user application requirements by a way of quantitative index,are helpful in the evaluation of the satellite observing capacity and promote the future development of satellites.A review is given on the development processes of Chinese meteorological satellites and its user requirements,and the necessity of establishing Chinese meteorological satellite(user) requirement database is discussed.The investigation of the Chinese meteorological satellite user requirements is carried out by using the method recommended by WMO to establish the environmental satellite requirement database.The results indicate that the study of Chinese meteorological satellite user requirement is insufficient.The direction of the further study is outlined.
Obtaining all kinds of geophysical parameters to meet the demands of user application(including weather forecasting,environmental inspecting,global change research) is the principal goal for every country to develop meteorological satellites.Meteorological satellite databases,providing all kinds of user application requirements by a way of quantitative index,are helpful in the evaluation of the satellite observing capacity and promote the future development of satellites.A review is given on the development processes of Chinese meteorological satellites and its user requirements,and the necessity of establishing Chinese meteorological satellite(user) requirement database is discussed.The investigation of the Chinese meteorological satellite user requirements is carried out by using the method recommended by WMO to establish the environmental satellite requirement database.The results indicate that the study of Chinese meteorological satellite user requirement is insufficient.The direction of the further study is outlined.
2006, 34(5):628-632.
Abstract:
With the development of the society and national economy,the damage caused by meteorological disasters becomes more and more serious,so it is necessary to establish a meteorological disaster monitoring and alarming system as well as an emergency management system for reducing and protecting from meteorological disasters.It is important to adopt mobile Automatic Weather Stations(AWS) to acquire surface real-time meteorological data,thus to provide meteorological services for decision makers on emergent meteorological disasters and other environmental disasters.A review is made on the development of comprehensive mobile sounding systems home and abroad as well as the current status of the mobile meteorological sounding service for emergency response in China.Some technological capabilities and design principles of AWS for satisfying the emergency-responding meteorological environment sounding service are discussed.
With the development of the society and national economy,the damage caused by meteorological disasters becomes more and more serious,so it is necessary to establish a meteorological disaster monitoring and alarming system as well as an emergency management system for reducing and protecting from meteorological disasters.It is important to adopt mobile Automatic Weather Stations(AWS) to acquire surface real-time meteorological data,thus to provide meteorological services for decision makers on emergent meteorological disasters and other environmental disasters.A review is made on the development of comprehensive mobile sounding systems home and abroad as well as the current status of the mobile meteorological sounding service for emergency response in China.Some technological capabilities and design principles of AWS for satisfying the emergency-responding meteorological environment sounding service are discussed.
2006, 34(5):633-637.
Abstract:
The Digital Photography Visiometer System(DPVS) measures visibility through emulating man's eyeballing,so it is more objective compared with traditional transmission or dispersion visiometers.To explain the working principles of DPVS hardware,the detailed description is given of control-circuit principles,circuit structure,choice of elements,circuit design ideas and a series of problems encountered in the operation of DPVS,as well as some application software about the single-chip processor in control circuits.
The Digital Photography Visiometer System(DPVS) measures visibility through emulating man's eyeballing,so it is more objective compared with traditional transmission or dispersion visiometers.To explain the working principles of DPVS hardware,the detailed description is given of control-circuit principles,circuit structure,choice of elements,circuit design ideas and a series of problems encountered in the operation of DPVS,as well as some application software about the single-chip processor in control circuits.
2006, 34(5):638-641.
Abstract:
目前大部分气象台站依靠目测来估计能见度值，存在一定的人为误差。利用2004年4月22日至5月29日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气象自动站水平能见度观测资料，通过对器测和目测值的数据对比分析得出：①水平器测值约是目测的2倍，变化趋势基本一致；②目、器测值的差异导致沙尘暴发生的等级概率产生偏移；③随着沙尘暴等级减弱，目测值与器测值的平均误差值不断减小，平均绝对误差值和均方误差量级接近甚至达到沙尘暴等级划分标准的量级。
目前大部分气象台站依靠目测来估计能见度值，存在一定的人为误差。利用2004年4月22日至5月29日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气象自动站水平能见度观测资料，通过对器测和目测值的数据对比分析得出：①水平器测值约是目测的2倍，变化趋势基本一致；②目、器测值的差异导致沙尘暴发生的等级概率产生偏移；③随着沙尘暴等级减弱，目测值与器测值的平均误差值不断减小，平均绝对误差值和均方误差量级接近甚至达到沙尘暴等级划分标准的量级。
2006, 34(5):642-645.
Abstract:
The malpractice of the present data processing software for meteorological satellites is analyzed,and the fundamental requirements for the software engineering of the meteorological satellite application system are summarized.The development method of application software for the data processing of the meteorological satellite FY-2(02) is put forward.The tasks of scientific researchers are divided according to the fields of meteorological satellite data application,software engineering and system integration.The development modes,rules,and requirements of the software reengineering of FY-2(02) data processing software are analyzed and summarized.According to a series of engineering processes,such as re-analysis, code re-factoring and re-testing,the implementation of the reengineering of FY-2(02) data-processing software is introduced.
The malpractice of the present data processing software for meteorological satellites is analyzed,and the fundamental requirements for the software engineering of the meteorological satellite application system are summarized.The development method of application software for the data processing of the meteorological satellite FY-2(02) is put forward.The tasks of scientific researchers are divided according to the fields of meteorological satellite data application,software engineering and system integration.The development modes,rules,and requirements of the software reengineering of FY-2(02) data processing software are analyzed and summarized.According to a series of engineering processes,such as re-analysis, code re-factoring and re-testing,the implementation of the reengineering of FY-2(02) data-processing software is introduced.
2006, 34(5):646-648.
Abstract:
To facilitate the development of operational analysis systems for Automatic Weather Stations(AWS),the DLL interfaces of automatic meteorological observation databases are developed using Delphi technology.The interface consists of various DLLs to access all kinds of data in the database,i.e.,precipitation,air temperature,wind direction,wind speed,humidity,etc.The interface has proved useful for the development of programs oriented to automatic observation data and help reduce unnecessary repetition.
To facilitate the development of operational analysis systems for Automatic Weather Stations(AWS),the DLL interfaces of automatic meteorological observation databases are developed using Delphi technology.The interface consists of various DLLs to access all kinds of data in the database,i.e.,precipitation,air temperature,wind direction,wind speed,humidity,etc.The interface has proved useful for the development of programs oriented to automatic observation data and help reduce unnecessary repetition.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.