Volume 38,Issue 6,2010 Table of Contents
Lin Weili
,
Xu Xiaobin
,
Wang Lifu
,
Yang Sen
,
Lin Yongbo
,
Zhao Zhengbo
,
Li Jianli
,
Chen Qiaohua
2010, 38(6):661-667.
Abstract:
In order to improve the operational observation of atmospheric compositions, the insitu observation system of NOx, SO2, CO, and O3 for the Akedala regional atmosphere background station is developed, and its structure, functions, and quality control methods are introduced. The observed O3 and CO levels at Akedala during the period of scientific evaluation of the site are characterized and compared with those observed at other background stations. Some preliminary data for NOx, SO2, CO, and O3 collected using the new observation system are also given. The results show that the characteristics of the observed concentrations and variations of O3 and CO at Akdala station are different from those from the background stations in the eastern China, which reflects the differences between Akedala and other stations. The new observation system possesses a high degree of automation so that the quality control is easy to implement. Its performance indicates that the specifications of the system meet the needs of observation at the remote site.
In order to improve the operational observation of atmospheric compositions, the insitu observation system of NOx, SO2, CO, and O3 for the Akedala regional atmosphere background station is developed, and its structure, functions, and quality control methods are introduced. The observed O3 and CO levels at Akedala during the period of scientific evaluation of the site are characterized and compared with those observed at other background stations. Some preliminary data for NOx, SO2, CO, and O3 collected using the new observation system are also given. The results show that the characteristics of the observed concentrations and variations of O3 and CO at Akdala station are different from those from the background stations in the eastern China, which reflects the differences between Akedala and other stations. The new observation system possesses a high degree of automation so that the quality control is easy to implement. Its performance indicates that the specifications of the system meet the needs of observation at the remote site.
2010, 38(6):668-672.
Abstract:
The samples were obtained from two observation stations for nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs): Beijing University of Technology (urban site) and Xinan, Baodi of Tianjin (rural site) from 6 April to 20 May in 2006. A total of 80 samples were obtained during two periods, with 55 compounds were detected, including 25 Alkanes, 19 Alkenes and 10 aromatics. It can be seen from the components and concentrations of NMHCs in both urban and rural atmosphere that the average concentrations of TNMHCs are 438.1±1731 μg/m3and 1938±1844 μg/m3, respectively. The urban level is 23 times as high as that of the rural one , and the lowest value of TNMHCs in rural atmosphere is only one fifth of that in the urban atmosphere.
The samples were obtained from two observation stations for nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs): Beijing University of Technology (urban site) and Xinan, Baodi of Tianjin (rural site) from 6 April to 20 May in 2006. A total of 80 samples were obtained during two periods, with 55 compounds were detected, including 25 Alkanes, 19 Alkenes and 10 aromatics. It can be seen from the components and concentrations of NMHCs in both urban and rural atmosphere that the average concentrations of TNMHCs are 438.1±1731 μg/m3and 1938±1844 μg/m3, respectively. The urban level is 23 times as high as that of the rural one , and the lowest value of TNMHCs in rural atmosphere is only one fifth of that in the urban atmosphere.
2010, 38(6):673-678.
Abstract:
The measurements of per minute from 26 automatic transport meteorological stations along the Shanghai〖KG-*8〗〖CD*2〗〖KG-*8〗Nanjing expressway, indicate that both haze and heavy fog weather can affect visibility, but there are some differences in many aspects. Under suitable conditions, they can transform mutually, and there is a coexistent phase between them. It is helpful to recognize these differences and changing conditions for improving low visibility forecasts and traffic services to traffic departments. The causes of uplifting hazes and frequent fogs, as well as the earlier appearing time and longer duration, in hilly and valley areas are analyzed, which will conduce to know the characteristics of local heavy fogs and visibility differences along the expressway. The largescale and continuous heavy fogs are often related with a wide range of hazes. In favorable weather conditions, in night time fogs get denser and visibility becomes lower while there is radiation cooling, and in daytime visibility may improve slightly. These phenomena usually continue for several days before the southward movement of strong cold air.
The measurements of per minute from 26 automatic transport meteorological stations along the Shanghai〖KG-*8〗〖CD*2〗〖KG-*8〗Nanjing expressway, indicate that both haze and heavy fog weather can affect visibility, but there are some differences in many aspects. Under suitable conditions, they can transform mutually, and there is a coexistent phase between them. It is helpful to recognize these differences and changing conditions for improving low visibility forecasts and traffic services to traffic departments. The causes of uplifting hazes and frequent fogs, as well as the earlier appearing time and longer duration, in hilly and valley areas are analyzed, which will conduce to know the characteristics of local heavy fogs and visibility differences along the expressway. The largescale and continuous heavy fogs are often related with a wide range of hazes. In favorable weather conditions, in night time fogs get denser and visibility becomes lower while there is radiation cooling, and in daytime visibility may improve slightly. These phenomena usually continue for several days before the southward movement of strong cold air.
2010, 38(6):679-683.
Abstract:
The daily average concentrations of PM10，SO2，NO2 and meteorological factors (precipitation and wind) of the corresponding time from 2001 to 2007 in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, are analyzed with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). The periods are tested and the variance contribution rates are calculated of each intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the maximum entropy spectral analysis as well, for improving the accuracy rate of the urban air quality forecast system (CAPPS2) and instituting the correcting rules for the numerical forecast model. The results show: the main period of PM10 concentration fluctuation is about a week, has clear weekendeffect, and matches well with major scavenging process, but the concentration fluctuations of SO2 and NO2 do not synchronize the scavenging processes, suggesting that the pollution of Xi’an is emissionguided, and the correction rules based on the weekendeffect are ideal for the improvement of PM10 and SO2 numerical forecast results, and uncertain for NO2.
The daily average concentrations of PM10，SO2，NO2 and meteorological factors (precipitation and wind) of the corresponding time from 2001 to 2007 in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, are analyzed with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). The periods are tested and the variance contribution rates are calculated of each intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the maximum entropy spectral analysis as well, for improving the accuracy rate of the urban air quality forecast system (CAPPS2) and instituting the correcting rules for the numerical forecast model. The results show: the main period of PM10 concentration fluctuation is about a week, has clear weekendeffect, and matches well with major scavenging process, but the concentration fluctuations of SO2 and NO2 do not synchronize the scavenging processes, suggesting that the pollution of Xi’an is emissionguided, and the correction rules based on the weekendeffect are ideal for the improvement of PM10 and SO2 numerical forecast results, and uncertain for NO2.
2010, 38(6):684-688.
Abstract:
The multipuff model is used to simulate a typical sudden accident of environmental risk, with the emphasis on the hydrogen sulfide leak into the atmosphere. Combined with the impact of winds on the role of hydrogen sulfide at a given stability, the maximum landing concentration and the downwind distance of the maximum landing concentration point at a small amount of leakage of hydrogen sulfide are estimated. Analysis concludes that in the same stability conditions, different wind speeds will lead to great difference in the diffusion of hydrogen sulfide, In the simulation process, with the diffusion of a small amount of hydrogen sulfide gas in the atmosphere, though the lethal concentration did not appear, there is a certain risk of hazards. Therefore, the relevant departments should pay enough attention to this kind of air pollution, as well as the surrounding environment and human responses to take the corresponding preventive measures.
The multipuff model is used to simulate a typical sudden accident of environmental risk, with the emphasis on the hydrogen sulfide leak into the atmosphere. Combined with the impact of winds on the role of hydrogen sulfide at a given stability, the maximum landing concentration and the downwind distance of the maximum landing concentration point at a small amount of leakage of hydrogen sulfide are estimated. Analysis concludes that in the same stability conditions, different wind speeds will lead to great difference in the diffusion of hydrogen sulfide, In the simulation process, with the diffusion of a small amount of hydrogen sulfide gas in the atmosphere, though the lethal concentration did not appear, there is a certain risk of hazards. Therefore, the relevant departments should pay enough attention to this kind of air pollution, as well as the surrounding environment and human responses to take the corresponding preventive measures.
2010, 38(6):689-694.
Abstract:
Based on the regional air pollution data during heating seasons from 2004 to 2006 in the BeijingTianjinHebei region, associated with the sealevel pressure fields and high circumfluence characteristics, the synoptic weather patterns for air pollution are divided into five types: high pressure, cold front, low pressure, North China drytrough, and uniform pressure field. The high pressure type accounts for 40.0%. The regional air pollution process usually corresponds to an upperlevel circulation adjustment process. Continuous regional air pollution processes are usually affected by various kinds of synoptic patterns. Under the conditions of the surface convergence, lowlevel inversion and vertical sinking motion, pollutants are impeded to diffuse. The stable atmospheric stratification and influence of special terrain are the important reasons for the regional air pollution.
Based on the regional air pollution data during heating seasons from 2004 to 2006 in the BeijingTianjinHebei region, associated with the sealevel pressure fields and high circumfluence characteristics, the synoptic weather patterns for air pollution are divided into five types: high pressure, cold front, low pressure, North China drytrough, and uniform pressure field. The high pressure type accounts for 40.0%. The regional air pollution process usually corresponds to an upperlevel circulation adjustment process. Continuous regional air pollution processes are usually affected by various kinds of synoptic patterns. Under the conditions of the surface convergence, lowlevel inversion and vertical sinking motion, pollutants are impeded to diffuse. The stable atmospheric stratification and influence of special terrain are the important reasons for the regional air pollution.
2010, 38(6):695-703.
Abstract:
Based on the daily temperature data from 1951 to 2008 in Chongqing, the temporal variation of Heat Wave Duration Index (HWDI) and warm night index (TN90) are analyzed. Through evaluating the simulation capability of the IPCCAR4 Coupled Climate Model products, the results of HWDI and TN90 from 2001 to 2100 relative to the average of 1980 to 1999 in Chongqing, projected by the multimodel ensemble models under the A2, A1B, and B1 emission scenarios of SRES （Special Report on Emission Scenarios）are given. The results show that compared with the current climate (1980 to 1999), under the A2, A1B, and B1 emissions scenarios, HWDI and TN90 will increase sharply in the 21st century. During the period of 2011 to 2100, HWDI will increase by 77 to 123 days and TN90 increase by 122% to 164%. From 2011 to 2040, HWDI will increase by 31 to 41 days and TN90 increase by 57% to 7.3%. In the medium 21st century (2041 to 2070), HWDI will increase by 69 to 113 days and TN90 increase by 122% to 175%; in the latter 21st century (2071 to 2100), HWDI will increase by 124 to 216 days and TN90 increase by 171% to 278%.
Based on the daily temperature data from 1951 to 2008 in Chongqing, the temporal variation of Heat Wave Duration Index (HWDI) and warm night index (TN90) are analyzed. Through evaluating the simulation capability of the IPCCAR4 Coupled Climate Model products, the results of HWDI and TN90 from 2001 to 2100 relative to the average of 1980 to 1999 in Chongqing, projected by the multimodel ensemble models under the A2, A1B, and B1 emission scenarios of SRES （Special Report on Emission Scenarios）are given. The results show that compared with the current climate (1980 to 1999), under the A2, A1B, and B1 emissions scenarios, HWDI and TN90 will increase sharply in the 21st century. During the period of 2011 to 2100, HWDI will increase by 77 to 123 days and TN90 increase by 122% to 164%. From 2011 to 2040, HWDI will increase by 31 to 41 days and TN90 increase by 57% to 7.3%. In the medium 21st century (2041 to 2070), HWDI will increase by 69 to 113 days and TN90 increase by 122% to 175%; in the latter 21st century (2071 to 2100), HWDI will increase by 124 to 216 days and TN90 increase by 171% to 278%.
2010, 38(6):704-708.
Abstract:
To understand the characteristics of horizontal visibility and correlation with air pollution in winter in Tianjin, the observational data of PM10 and PM25 mass concentrations, reactive gas bulk concentrations， and horizontal visibility in December of 2008 and January of 2009 are studied. The results indicate that the average horizontal visibility value was 1159 km, and the diurnal variation exhibited a singlepeak pattern with the maximum in the afternoon, which were affected strongly by aerosol mass concentrations and relative humidity. The occurrence frequency of haze approached 50%, which, being an important symbol of the poor air quality, resulted in low horizontal visibility. The observational data of PM10 and PM25 mass concentrations can be used to reflect the horizontal visibility approximately by using different nonlinear regression equations in winter. There was a negative correlation between horizontal visibility and aerosol mass concentration, and PM25 has greater effect on visibility than PM10 does. Under the high humidity condition, there existed better correlation between visibility and aerosol mass concentration.
To understand the characteristics of horizontal visibility and correlation with air pollution in winter in Tianjin, the observational data of PM10 and PM25 mass concentrations, reactive gas bulk concentrations， and horizontal visibility in December of 2008 and January of 2009 are studied. The results indicate that the average horizontal visibility value was 1159 km, and the diurnal variation exhibited a singlepeak pattern with the maximum in the afternoon, which were affected strongly by aerosol mass concentrations and relative humidity. The occurrence frequency of haze approached 50%, which, being an important symbol of the poor air quality, resulted in low horizontal visibility. The observational data of PM10 and PM25 mass concentrations can be used to reflect the horizontal visibility approximately by using different nonlinear regression equations in winter. There was a negative correlation between horizontal visibility and aerosol mass concentration, and PM25 has greater effect on visibility than PM10 does. Under the high humidity condition, there existed better correlation between visibility and aerosol mass concentration.
2010, 38(6):709-714.
Abstract:
By means of the daily temperature during the period of 1961 to 2008 in Inner Mongolia and the mathematics statistics method, making reference to correlative regulation, the variation characteristics of various elements in heating periods are analyzed and the prediction model of the first day, last day and energy needs in a heating period is devised and tested. It is concluded that：(1) With climate warming, the dates of the first day of the heating period were delayed, and the dates of the last day of the heating period advanced; the heating period became shorter. It indicates the warmer and shorter winter in Inner Mongolia. (2) The variation of the elements in heating periods is closely related to the latitude across Inner Mongolia: the higher the latitude, the shorter the heating period, the lower the energy consumption, and the greater the emission reduction potential. (3) With the climate warming, because the shorter heating period and reduced energy needs and energy consumption, the emission of the greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and SO2 was reduced. (4) The variations of the elements in heating period were also closely related to temperature change.
By means of the daily temperature during the period of 1961 to 2008 in Inner Mongolia and the mathematics statistics method, making reference to correlative regulation, the variation characteristics of various elements in heating periods are analyzed and the prediction model of the first day, last day and energy needs in a heating period is devised and tested. It is concluded that：(1) With climate warming, the dates of the first day of the heating period were delayed, and the dates of the last day of the heating period advanced; the heating period became shorter. It indicates the warmer and shorter winter in Inner Mongolia. (2) The variation of the elements in heating periods is closely related to the latitude across Inner Mongolia: the higher the latitude, the shorter the heating period, the lower the energy consumption, and the greater the emission reduction potential. (3) With the climate warming, because the shorter heating period and reduced energy needs and energy consumption, the emission of the greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and SO2 was reduced. (4) The variations of the elements in heating period were also closely related to temperature change.
2010, 38(6):715-720.
Abstract:
The relationship of air pollution with meteorological factors and weather systems for 10 typical cases in summer (July to September) from 2005 to 2007 in Hebei Province is analyzed by using the conventional observation data and NECP sixhour reanalysis data. It is concluded that the main weather patterns related to the typical processes of air pollution are longitudinal, frontal low trough, peripheral subtropical high patterns, etc. Air pollution occurs usually in fog and haze days, with minimum visibility between 05:00 and 20:00, and the dewpoint deficit less than 3 ℃. There is no significant vertical motion or weak systematic downwelling at upper air. Because the weak pressure and wind fields near the surface are not conducive to the diffusion of contamination and the temperature inversion of the surface layer, the air pollutants are easily kept in the stable layer. When cold air invades,precipitation can make air pollution weaken or disappeared.
The relationship of air pollution with meteorological factors and weather systems for 10 typical cases in summer (July to September) from 2005 to 2007 in Hebei Province is analyzed by using the conventional observation data and NECP sixhour reanalysis data. It is concluded that the main weather patterns related to the typical processes of air pollution are longitudinal, frontal low trough, peripheral subtropical high patterns, etc. Air pollution occurs usually in fog and haze days, with minimum visibility between 05:00 and 20:00, and the dewpoint deficit less than 3 ℃. There is no significant vertical motion or weak systematic downwelling at upper air. Because the weak pressure and wind fields near the surface are not conducive to the diffusion of contamination and the temperature inversion of the surface layer, the air pollutants are easily kept in the stable layer. When cold air invades,precipitation can make air pollution weaken or disappeared.
11 Maximum and Minimum Temperature Differences between Rural and Urban Stations in Shijiazhuang Area
2010, 38(6):721-726.
Abstract:
In order to increase the accuracy of daily temperature forecast, using the data of 1955 to 2006 from 17 stations in the Shijiazhuang area to analyze the differences of daily minimum and maximum temperature between 16 rural stations and an urban station. Results show that the maximum and minimum temperatures of the rural stations are significantly lower than that of the urban station, with the monthly mean minimum temperature being much lower. Also analyzed are the possible causes of the obvious difference observed. The results have practical value for the use of central station’s monitoring and forecasting information to improve the accuracy of air temperature forecasts for rural (urban) stations.
In order to increase the accuracy of daily temperature forecast, using the data of 1955 to 2006 from 17 stations in the Shijiazhuang area to analyze the differences of daily minimum and maximum temperature between 16 rural stations and an urban station. Results show that the maximum and minimum temperatures of the rural stations are significantly lower than that of the urban station, with the monthly mean minimum temperature being much lower. Also analyzed are the possible causes of the obvious difference observed. The results have practical value for the use of central station’s monitoring and forecasting information to improve the accuracy of air temperature forecasts for rural (urban) stations.
2010, 38(6):727-731.
Abstract:
Based on the meteorological data and the average concentration data of main pollutants from 1961 to 2006 at Hohhat, the impacts of climate warming on atmospheric environment and comfortableness at Hohhat are analyzed by using the statistical method and meteorological environment assessment indexes. The results indicate that：(1) In the urban area of Hohhot in the recent 50 years, climate warming was obvious; the heat island effect was remarkable; precipitation showed a reduction tendency; the climatic characteristic of warmdrought was obvious. (2) The main meteorological disasters showed a reduction tendency, especially sandstorm and heavy fog, resulting in the reduced concentration of atmospheric particles (PM10). (3) The main pollutant PM10 peaked in winter during the heating period and the time in windy and sandy weather. At the same time, temperature inversion and heat island effect have an enhanced trend, which is disadvantageous for pollutants diffusion. The comfortableness index in summer increased, which is still in the range of comfortable feeling and suitable for living and spending holidays for people.
Based on the meteorological data and the average concentration data of main pollutants from 1961 to 2006 at Hohhat, the impacts of climate warming on atmospheric environment and comfortableness at Hohhat are analyzed by using the statistical method and meteorological environment assessment indexes. The results indicate that：(1) In the urban area of Hohhot in the recent 50 years, climate warming was obvious; the heat island effect was remarkable; precipitation showed a reduction tendency; the climatic characteristic of warmdrought was obvious. (2) The main meteorological disasters showed a reduction tendency, especially sandstorm and heavy fog, resulting in the reduced concentration of atmospheric particles (PM10). (3) The main pollutant PM10 peaked in winter during the heating period and the time in windy and sandy weather. At the same time, temperature inversion and heat island effect have an enhanced trend, which is disadvantageous for pollutants diffusion. The comfortableness index in summer increased, which is still in the range of comfortable feeling and suitable for living and spending holidays for people.
2010, 38(6):732-736.
Abstract:
Based on the daily data of PM10 at Sanming，the synchronous data of meteorological elements (pressure, wind speed, temperature, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, etc.) and the synoptic chart data at 08:00 850 hPa from 2004 to 2007, the mutation characteristics of PM10 and the relation between mutation processes of PM10 and meteorological conditions are quantitatively analyzed．The results show that there were some evident seasonal characteristics in mutation events of PM10, and the probability of mutation was greater in winter and spring than those in summer and autumn; when surface pressure fell，wind speed decreased，relative humidity decreased, precipitation reduced, temperature and evaporation increased, it was more likely for PM 10 to have positive mutation; when surface pressure went up, wind speed rose, relative humidity and precipitation increased, temperature and evaporation decreasesd， it was more likely for PM 10 to have negative mutation; PM 10 was easier to have positive mutations when influenced by the posterior of a continental high pressure or the warm sector of a convergence system; it was easier to have negative mutations while influenced by the anterior of a continental high pressure or a shear line.
Based on the daily data of PM10 at Sanming，the synchronous data of meteorological elements (pressure, wind speed, temperature, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, etc.) and the synoptic chart data at 08:00 850 hPa from 2004 to 2007, the mutation characteristics of PM10 and the relation between mutation processes of PM10 and meteorological conditions are quantitatively analyzed．The results show that there were some evident seasonal characteristics in mutation events of PM10, and the probability of mutation was greater in winter and spring than those in summer and autumn; when surface pressure fell，wind speed decreased，relative humidity decreased, precipitation reduced, temperature and evaporation increased, it was more likely for PM 10 to have positive mutation; when surface pressure went up, wind speed rose, relative humidity and precipitation increased, temperature and evaporation decreasesd， it was more likely for PM 10 to have negative mutation; PM 10 was easier to have positive mutations when influenced by the posterior of a continental high pressure or the warm sector of a convergence system; it was easier to have negative mutations while influenced by the anterior of a continental high pressure or a shear line.
2010, 38(6):737-740.
Abstract:
The urban atmospheric environment is examined with the air pollutant monitoring data and the daytoday data from the outpatient service of the Nanyang Central Hospital between 2004 and 2005 year, as well as the conventional meteorological data from 1971 to 2007 at Nayang Weather Station. The statistical analysis is conducted of haze weather and air pollution characteristics at Nayang and the influence of haze weather on humanbody health, based on the medical records of the hazerelated outpatient service. The results indicate: there was obvious interannual variation in the number of haze days at Nanyang, and there was an increase trend in either occurrence frequency or duration of haze weather in the recent 37 years; haze weather occurred more frequently in autumn and winter, and the haze weather worsens air pollution, specially when PM10 density increases greatly in haze weather; the clinical rate of respiratory diseases increases obviously in haze weather. The analysis demonstrates that the number of respiratorydisorder outpatients and PM10 density are correlated positively, namely the PM10 density increases along with the increasing respiratory disorder outpatients.
The urban atmospheric environment is examined with the air pollutant monitoring data and the daytoday data from the outpatient service of the Nanyang Central Hospital between 2004 and 2005 year, as well as the conventional meteorological data from 1971 to 2007 at Nayang Weather Station. The statistical analysis is conducted of haze weather and air pollution characteristics at Nayang and the influence of haze weather on humanbody health, based on the medical records of the hazerelated outpatient service. The results indicate: there was obvious interannual variation in the number of haze days at Nanyang, and there was an increase trend in either occurrence frequency or duration of haze weather in the recent 37 years; haze weather occurred more frequently in autumn and winter, and the haze weather worsens air pollution, specially when PM10 density increases greatly in haze weather; the clinical rate of respiratory diseases increases obviously in haze weather. The analysis demonstrates that the number of respiratorydisorder outpatients and PM10 density are correlated positively, namely the PM10 density increases along with the increasing respiratory disorder outpatients.
2010, 38(6):741-745.
Abstract:
The lightning current amplitude and gradient are significant in the fundamental researches of lightning protection and science. A statistical analysis is made of 729598 lightning flashes monitored by the ADTD lightning location system in Chongqing between 2006 and 2008, with focus on the analysis of the distribution characteristics of lightning current gradient and frequency. The results show that the lightning wavehead gradient and frequency are different with different polarities; the gradient of positive lightning is obviously greater than that of negative lightning, and the frequency of negative lightning is obviously greater than that of positive lightning at the same gradient; the correlation coefficient between lightning current amplitude and gradient is +0.613; there is great difference between the probabilitydistribution characteristics, as well as the statistical characteristics, of the lightning gradients calculated by the DL/T620recommended wavehead time and that calculated by the CIGERrecommended formula. Based on these findings, the limitations of lightning current gradient obtained by the ADTD system are analyzed, which offers theoretical evidences for the right selection of lightning gradient parameters.
The lightning current amplitude and gradient are significant in the fundamental researches of lightning protection and science. A statistical analysis is made of 729598 lightning flashes monitored by the ADTD lightning location system in Chongqing between 2006 and 2008, with focus on the analysis of the distribution characteristics of lightning current gradient and frequency. The results show that the lightning wavehead gradient and frequency are different with different polarities; the gradient of positive lightning is obviously greater than that of negative lightning, and the frequency of negative lightning is obviously greater than that of positive lightning at the same gradient; the correlation coefficient between lightning current amplitude and gradient is +0.613; there is great difference between the probabilitydistribution characteristics, as well as the statistical characteristics, of the lightning gradients calculated by the DL/T620recommended wavehead time and that calculated by the CIGERrecommended formula. Based on these findings, the limitations of lightning current gradient obtained by the ADTD system are analyzed, which offers theoretical evidences for the right selection of lightning gradient parameters.
2010, 38(6):746-751.
Abstract:
Based on the theory that the intense electric field beneath a thunderstorm can produce corona discharge at the tip of a grounded metal point, a corona current measuring instrument was developed. Using wireless data transmission technology, the multistation wireless networking observation of corona current was conducted. The results of field experiments show that the corona current network observation system can operate normally in a certain region. The records of the corona current and synchronous environmental electric field were also analyzed in detail. The threshold values of the positive/negative environmental electric field for initiation of corona current were obtained, and the relation between corona current and environmental electric field were determined. The analysis results indicate that the intensity of the environmental electric field can be retrieved factually and accurately from corona current measurements.
Based on the theory that the intense electric field beneath a thunderstorm can produce corona discharge at the tip of a grounded metal point, a corona current measuring instrument was developed. Using wireless data transmission technology, the multistation wireless networking observation of corona current was conducted. The results of field experiments show that the corona current network observation system can operate normally in a certain region. The records of the corona current and synchronous environmental electric field were also analyzed in detail. The threshold values of the positive/negative environmental electric field for initiation of corona current were obtained, and the relation between corona current and environmental electric field were determined. The analysis results indicate that the intensity of the environmental electric field can be retrieved factually and accurately from corona current measurements.
2010, 38(6):752-757.
Abstract:
An analyze is made of the limitations of the related parameters in the calculation formulas of ground flash density, and a more reasonable method by calculating of the risk component of lightning disasters is presented. Based on the mathematical model of lightning strikes and the probability distribution of lightning current amplitude, the limitations of the calculation method for the equivalent area in GB50057-1994 and IEC 62305 are discussed, and a new method is given.
An analyze is made of the limitations of the related parameters in the calculation formulas of ground flash density, and a more reasonable method by calculating of the risk component of lightning disasters is presented. Based on the mathematical model of lightning strikes and the probability distribution of lightning current amplitude, the limitations of the calculation method for the equivalent area in GB50057-1994 and IEC 62305 are discussed, and a new method is given.
2010, 38(6):758-761.
Abstract:
Considering the status of lacking a complete lightning category system, a comprehensive study of lightning strokes according to lightning hazard patterns is conducted, and indirect lightning strokes are divided into two categories. The concept of lightning potential difference effect is presented. Lightning counterattacks, lightning ground potential ascending, and lightning side flashovers are described, and touch voltage and step voltage are analyzed separately. The protection methods of lightning potential difference effect are introduced and the explanation of safe distance is given. The relationship between lightning potential difference effect and personal injury is also studied. It is concluded: lightning potential difference effect includes lightning counterattacks, lightning ground potential ascending, lightning side flashovers, touch voltage and step voltage related with personal injury; the protection methods of lightning potential difference effect include avoiding, bonding and maintaining safe distance.
Considering the status of lacking a complete lightning category system, a comprehensive study of lightning strokes according to lightning hazard patterns is conducted, and indirect lightning strokes are divided into two categories. The concept of lightning potential difference effect is presented. Lightning counterattacks, lightning ground potential ascending, and lightning side flashovers are described, and touch voltage and step voltage are analyzed separately. The protection methods of lightning potential difference effect are introduced and the explanation of safe distance is given. The relationship between lightning potential difference effect and personal injury is also studied. It is concluded: lightning potential difference effect includes lightning counterattacks, lightning ground potential ascending, lightning side flashovers, touch voltage and step voltage related with personal injury; the protection methods of lightning potential difference effect include avoiding, bonding and maintaining safe distance.
2010, 38(6):762-765.
Abstract:
Since the radar stations of CINRAD/SA are usually located on mountain tops in the suburb where the ground impedance is extraordinarily high and radar bases are constructed of reinforced concrete instead of iron towers, lightning protection is very important in those radar stations. While the lightning protection of the early CINRAD stations has adopted the same lightning protection system as at the WSR88D radar sites, which is a single vertical lightning pole on the radome top, lightning damages repeatedly happened to those early CINRAD stations. The lightning damages to the Guangzhou CINRAD station are analyzed mainly in terms of radar techniques combined with lightning protection techniques, and an efficient improved lightning protection system to the CINRAD/SA is discussed.
Since the radar stations of CINRAD/SA are usually located on mountain tops in the suburb where the ground impedance is extraordinarily high and radar bases are constructed of reinforced concrete instead of iron towers, lightning protection is very important in those radar stations. While the lightning protection of the early CINRAD stations has adopted the same lightning protection system as at the WSR88D radar sites, which is a single vertical lightning pole on the radome top, lightning damages repeatedly happened to those early CINRAD stations. The lightning damages to the Guangzhou CINRAD station are analyzed mainly in terms of radar techniques combined with lightning protection techniques, and an efficient improved lightning protection system to the CINRAD/SA is discussed.
2010, 38(6):766-770.
Abstract:
Taking a mobile weather radar vehicle, whose lightning protection system was checked and measured by the Beijing Lightning Devices Security Test Center, as an example, the protection scope of the lightning rod is calculated and the selection methods of the optimal height of the lightning rod and the best layout place are studied, by using the rollingsphere method and the relationship formula between the probability of lightning strokes and the height of the lightning rod. Based on the characteristics of meteorological radar waves, the material selection requirements of lightning rods are analyzed. From the characteristics of lightning rods and the lightning protection network, the reasons for applying lightning rods preferentially are discussed. According to the moving characteristics of mobile radar vehicles, the suggestions and measures about the design of the lightning rods are given.
Taking a mobile weather radar vehicle, whose lightning protection system was checked and measured by the Beijing Lightning Devices Security Test Center, as an example, the protection scope of the lightning rod is calculated and the selection methods of the optimal height of the lightning rod and the best layout place are studied, by using the rollingsphere method and the relationship formula between the probability of lightning strokes and the height of the lightning rod. Based on the characteristics of meteorological radar waves, the material selection requirements of lightning rods are analyzed. From the characteristics of lightning rods and the lightning protection network, the reasons for applying lightning rods preferentially are discussed. According to the moving characteristics of mobile radar vehicles, the suggestions and measures about the design of the lightning rods are given.
2010, 38(6):771-774.
Abstract:
As newtype firework storage warehouses use a great deal of lightweight color steel plate, and moreover the emphasis on lightning protection put by the related institutions is usually not enough, firework storage warehouses are struck frequently by lightning in recent years. Based on the in the understanding of oldstyle brick warehouses with wooden structure, the existing hidden problems in newtype firework storage warehouses are discussed. In accordance with the relevant regulations and specifications, from the aspects of directstroke lightning, lightning induction, lightningwave penetration protection， and so on, the design ideas of lightning protection for the newtype A and Clevel storage warehouses are presented, respectively, and the specific grounding and bonding methods of lightning protection for the metal roof, metal doors and windows are described.
As newtype firework storage warehouses use a great deal of lightweight color steel plate, and moreover the emphasis on lightning protection put by the related institutions is usually not enough, firework storage warehouses are struck frequently by lightning in recent years. Based on the in the understanding of oldstyle brick warehouses with wooden structure, the existing hidden problems in newtype firework storage warehouses are discussed. In accordance with the relevant regulations and specifications, from the aspects of directstroke lightning, lightning induction, lightningwave penetration protection， and so on, the design ideas of lightning protection for the newtype A and Clevel storage warehouses are presented, respectively, and the specific grounding and bonding methods of lightning protection for the metal roof, metal doors and windows are described.
2010, 38(6):775-777.
Abstract:
Through the investigation and research about the electromechanical equipments in the Xinghe highway tunnel frequently struck by lightning in the Taihang Mountain Area, considering the geographical and meteorological environment of Xinghe and the insitu test, the measures to protect against direct lightning flashes and lightning electromagnetic impulses are discussed from the following five aspects: (1) protection of structures and power facilities against direct lightning flashes, (2) protection of highvoltage lines against overvoltage caused by lightning, (3) protection of lowvoltage electrical installations and electronic installations against overvoltage, (4) shielding, (5) equipotential bonding. The practice of several years proved that these measures are applicable.
Through the investigation and research about the electromechanical equipments in the Xinghe highway tunnel frequently struck by lightning in the Taihang Mountain Area, considering the geographical and meteorological environment of Xinghe and the insitu test, the measures to protect against direct lightning flashes and lightning electromagnetic impulses are discussed from the following five aspects: (1) protection of structures and power facilities against direct lightning flashes, (2) protection of highvoltage lines against overvoltage caused by lightning, (3) protection of lowvoltage electrical installations and electronic installations against overvoltage, (4) shielding, (5) equipotential bonding. The practice of several years proved that these measures are applicable.
2010, 38(6):778-780.
Abstract:
In the AntiThunderstorm design of buildings，multiple lighting rods are often used to form a joint protection range. To know the protection range of the multiple lighting rods needs to divide the protection range into three unequaled parts, and solve the ternary quadratic equations, which is difficult and has low efficiency. The AutoCAD’s vector calculation and the coordinate transform function are used to analyze the protection range of triple unequaledheight lighting rods, which is much simpler than solving the ternary quadratic equations.
In the AntiThunderstorm design of buildings，multiple lighting rods are often used to form a joint protection range. To know the protection range of the multiple lighting rods needs to divide the protection range into three unequaled parts, and solve the ternary quadratic equations, which is difficult and has low efficiency. The AutoCAD’s vector calculation and the coordinate transform function are used to analyze the protection range of triple unequaledheight lighting rods, which is much simpler than solving the ternary quadratic equations.
2010, 38(6):781-785.
Abstract:
Struts and Hibernate technology are used to build a MVC framework for disaster risk assessment of the lightning WEB system for the first time, which provides a friendly interface for man-machine dialogue. The integration of Struts and Hibernate based on the J2EE framework achieves genuine loose coupling among layers of applications, improves the developing efficiency greatly and its maintainability and extensibility. By means of the integration of Struts and Hibernate, the system can be used to assess risks of buildings, service facilities and manage the parameters of assessment, records of assessment, thunderstorm data and the lightning data and so on. It is much more practical than that given by IEC.
Struts and Hibernate technology are used to build a MVC framework for disaster risk assessment of the lightning WEB system for the first time, which provides a friendly interface for man-machine dialogue. The integration of Struts and Hibernate based on the J2EE framework achieves genuine loose coupling among layers of applications, improves the developing efficiency greatly and its maintainability and extensibility. By means of the integration of Struts and Hibernate, the system can be used to assess risks of buildings, service facilities and manage the parameters of assessment, records of assessment, thunderstorm data and the lightning data and so on. It is much more practical than that given by IEC.
2010, 38(6):786-789.
Abstract:
The investigation and appraisal methods of disasters caused by lightning are discussed. On the basis of experiences from lightning disaster investigation and appraisal practice, the basic principles,concrete procedures, the particular content of insitu investigation, the requirements for records and reports, and archiving information concerning the investigation and appraisal of lightning disasters are described in detail. There are three kinds of thunderstruck scenes: original, altered and imitative. Destruction of lightning can be divided into two types: direct and indirect, and there are seven kinds of destructive modes. The methods for identifying lightning disasters in disaster appraisal and issues needing attention are introduced.
The investigation and appraisal methods of disasters caused by lightning are discussed. On the basis of experiences from lightning disaster investigation and appraisal practice, the basic principles,concrete procedures, the particular content of insitu investigation, the requirements for records and reports, and archiving information concerning the investigation and appraisal of lightning disasters are described in detail. There are three kinds of thunderstruck scenes: original, altered and imitative. Destruction of lightning can be divided into two types: direct and indirect, and there are seven kinds of destructive modes. The methods for identifying lightning disasters in disaster appraisal and issues needing attention are introduced.
2010, 38(6):790-793.
Abstract:
By means of the quantitative technical methods of remanence detection，detections and investigations were conducted in the disaster spots of lightning disasters to analyze the formation causes and to provide bases for disaster identification.An analysis is made of the identification results of a great number of lightning incidents，and the occurrence characteristics and regularities of lightning disasters in Suzhou are summarized， for making the scientific and reasonable plan for lightning protection and take effective measures to reduce lightning disasters.
By means of the quantitative technical methods of remanence detection，detections and investigations were conducted in the disaster spots of lightning disasters to analyze the formation causes and to provide bases for disaster identification.An analysis is made of the identification results of a great number of lightning incidents，and the occurrence characteristics and regularities of lightning disasters in Suzhou are summarized， for making the scientific and reasonable plan for lightning protection and take effective measures to reduce lightning disasters.
2010, 38(6):794-797.
Abstract:
DelphiProgramming Language, ParadoxDatabase and BDEDatabase Visiting technology are used to build a management platform of lightning event entry registration, survey analysis, and conclusive identification, as well as the processing and archiving of documents, audios, and pictures. The software platform system is of background databases, having the functions of lightning data input, saving, retrieving, sorting, backup, etc. The system can automatically generate a variety of data tables, analysis reports, import query, analysis, statistical results, etc., which can be introduced directly into Word or Excel documents. It is very convenient for query, printing, daily management, etc. The system is easy to operate, convenient, having friendly user interface and strong practicability.
DelphiProgramming Language, ParadoxDatabase and BDEDatabase Visiting technology are used to build a management platform of lightning event entry registration, survey analysis, and conclusive identification, as well as the processing and archiving of documents, audios, and pictures. The software platform system is of background databases, having the functions of lightning data input, saving, retrieving, sorting, backup, etc. The system can automatically generate a variety of data tables, analysis reports, import query, analysis, statistical results, etc., which can be introduced directly into Word or Excel documents. It is very convenient for query, printing, daily management, etc. The system is easy to operate, convenient, having friendly user interface and strong practicability.
2010, 38(6):798-804.
Abstract:
Making use of the observation lightning data from the lightning location system of Heilongjiang Province from 2006 to 2008, in combination with the data from automatic stations, applying the method of statistical analysis，an analysis is made of the spatialtemporal intensity distributions of lightning activities, and the relationship between lightning and monthly mean precipitation and temperature. The results show that： in recent years, lightning activities in Heilongjiang Province increased year by year; lightning activities in summer were more frequent, but seldom in winter; the daily variation of lightning activities showed a doublepeak pattern mostly; there was evident regional difference in lightning density: larger in mountains and the neighboring areas，less in plain areas; the highdensity areas are within Daxing’an Mountains, with the highest density at Tahe; lightning density showed obvious latitudinal characteristic with season changing: moving northward from spring to summer, and southward from summer to autumn; positive lightning and total lightning intensities had the same spectral distribution, which was wider than that of negative lightning; there were two positive high density centers, both within the Daxing’an Mountains, and their seasonal moving regularity was similar to total lightning; the total number of lightning activities was linearly correlated with monthly mean precipitation, and exponentially correlated with monthly mean temperature.
Making use of the observation lightning data from the lightning location system of Heilongjiang Province from 2006 to 2008, in combination with the data from automatic stations, applying the method of statistical analysis，an analysis is made of the spatialtemporal intensity distributions of lightning activities, and the relationship between lightning and monthly mean precipitation and temperature. The results show that： in recent years, lightning activities in Heilongjiang Province increased year by year; lightning activities in summer were more frequent, but seldom in winter; the daily variation of lightning activities showed a doublepeak pattern mostly; there was evident regional difference in lightning density: larger in mountains and the neighboring areas，less in plain areas; the highdensity areas are within Daxing’an Mountains, with the highest density at Tahe; lightning density showed obvious latitudinal characteristic with season changing: moving northward from spring to summer, and southward from summer to autumn; positive lightning and total lightning intensities had the same spectral distribution, which was wider than that of negative lightning; there were two positive high density centers, both within the Daxing’an Mountains, and their seasonal moving regularity was similar to total lightning; the total number of lightning activities was linearly correlated with monthly mean precipitation, and exponentially correlated with monthly mean temperature.
2010, 38(6):805-809.
Abstract:
The lightning characteristics and protective efficiency in the Wuhan area are analyzed statistically, based on the cloudground lightning data from March 2006 to February 2009. The results indicate: the annual mean number of cloudground lightning flashes in the Wuhan area is 45693; the negative lightning accounts for 960% of the total and the average negative lightning intensity is 326 kA; the positive lightning accounts for 40% of the total and the average positive lightning intensity is 383 kA. The number of lightning flashes from April to August accounts for 969% of the annual total, and that from July to August accounts for 708%, that from September to March of next year for 31%. The positive and negative lightning intensites are mostly within the range of 10 kA to 50 kA, and the average steepness is about 12 kA/μs. The accumulation probability equation for the lightning current bigger than certain amplitude is formulated by several statistical methods. The border areas of the southwestern Xinzhou and southeastern Huangpi and the eastern Jiangxia are highdensity lightning centers, where the annual mean lightning number of lightning flushes is above 85 /km2. According to the threegrade lightning protection category, the shielding failure rate is 13%, 33% and 115% ,and the counterattack rate is 01%、02%、16%, respectively. The results can be used as references in lightning protection engineering design and lightning risk assessment.
The lightning characteristics and protective efficiency in the Wuhan area are analyzed statistically, based on the cloudground lightning data from March 2006 to February 2009. The results indicate: the annual mean number of cloudground lightning flashes in the Wuhan area is 45693; the negative lightning accounts for 960% of the total and the average negative lightning intensity is 326 kA; the positive lightning accounts for 40% of the total and the average positive lightning intensity is 383 kA. The number of lightning flashes from April to August accounts for 969% of the annual total, and that from July to August accounts for 708%, that from September to March of next year for 31%. The positive and negative lightning intensites are mostly within the range of 10 kA to 50 kA, and the average steepness is about 12 kA/μs. The accumulation probability equation for the lightning current bigger than certain amplitude is formulated by several statistical methods. The border areas of the southwestern Xinzhou and southeastern Huangpi and the eastern Jiangxia are highdensity lightning centers, where the annual mean lightning number of lightning flushes is above 85 /km2. According to the threegrade lightning protection category, the shielding failure rate is 13%, 33% and 115% ,and the counterattack rate is 01%、02%、16%, respectively. The results can be used as references in lightning protection engineering design and lightning risk assessment.
30 Characteristics of Thunderstrom Days and Regional Division of Lightning Protection Grades in Yili
2010, 38(6):810-813.
Abstract:
A statistical analysis is made of the daily observation data of thunderstorms from 10 weather stations in Yili from 1959 to 2008; the variation regularity and features of thunderstorm days are summarized; and regional division is conducted. The results show that the Yili area is one of areas attacked most frequently by thunderstorms with the annual mean number of thunderstorm days being 175 to 861 days, but the total trend of thunderstorm days reduces gradually with interdecadal oscillation. Thunderstorms start to occur from the last 10 days of February, most frequently between March and November, and end in the second 10 days of November. There seldom occur thunderstorms in January and December in Yili. Monthly mean thunderstorm days gradually increase from March to June and decrease from July to November. Yili can be divided into four areas according to lightning protect grades: Grade 1,Zhaosu County;Grade 2, Tekesi County;Grade 3,Yining, Nileke, Huocheng, Huo’erguosi port, Gongliu, Xinyuan County; Grade 4,Yining County, Chabucha’er County.
A statistical analysis is made of the daily observation data of thunderstorms from 10 weather stations in Yili from 1959 to 2008; the variation regularity and features of thunderstorm days are summarized; and regional division is conducted. The results show that the Yili area is one of areas attacked most frequently by thunderstorms with the annual mean number of thunderstorm days being 175 to 861 days, but the total trend of thunderstorm days reduces gradually with interdecadal oscillation. Thunderstorms start to occur from the last 10 days of February, most frequently between March and November, and end in the second 10 days of November. There seldom occur thunderstorms in January and December in Yili. Monthly mean thunderstorm days gradually increase from March to June and decrease from July to November. Yili can be divided into four areas according to lightning protect grades: Grade 1,Zhaosu County;Grade 2, Tekesi County;Grade 3,Yining, Nileke, Huocheng, Huo’erguosi port, Gongliu, Xinyuan County; Grade 4,Yining County, Chabucha’er County.
2010, 38(6):814-820.
Abstract:
Combining the radar, satellite, lightning positioning system data, etc, the characteristics and evolution of cloudtoground lightning and the electric field of the Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) in Nanjing on 5 June 2009 are analyzed. Positive cloudtoground lightning played a dominant role in the developing stage of MCS; negative cloudtoground flashes are dominant in the mature stage; positive flashes are relatively frequent over the stratiform cloud areas in the extinction stage. This process of the electric field evolution can be divided into four stages, and the evolution and characteristics of the electric field in convective areas are analyzed. The electric field of MCS over the convective area is simulated with the quasinormal distribution model. It is found that the simulated electric field accords with observation, and the quasinormal distribution model can response to slight changes in the electric field.
Combining the radar, satellite, lightning positioning system data, etc, the characteristics and evolution of cloudtoground lightning and the electric field of the Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) in Nanjing on 5 June 2009 are analyzed. Positive cloudtoground lightning played a dominant role in the developing stage of MCS; negative cloudtoground flashes are dominant in the mature stage; positive flashes are relatively frequent over the stratiform cloud areas in the extinction stage. This process of the electric field evolution can be divided into four stages, and the evolution and characteristics of the electric field in convective areas are analyzed. The electric field of MCS over the convective area is simulated with the quasinormal distribution model. It is found that the simulated electric field accords with observation, and the quasinormal distribution model can response to slight changes in the electric field.
2010, 38(6):821-824.
Abstract:
A fire case in the copper powder workshop of the Chongqing Huahao Smelting Limited Company is discussed, and the 10 kV highvoltage transmission lines near the copper powder workshop are examined by the analysis of mechanical properties and residual magnetic field tests. In combination with the thunder weather analysis, it is concluded that the fire was caused by the lightning strike on the 10 kV highvoltage transmission lines. The findings provide a reference for determining whether the transmission line fault was caused by lightning strikes in the case of not installing a wave recorder and lightning counter.
A fire case in the copper powder workshop of the Chongqing Huahao Smelting Limited Company is discussed, and the 10 kV highvoltage transmission lines near the copper powder workshop are examined by the analysis of mechanical properties and residual magnetic field tests. In combination with the thunder weather analysis, it is concluded that the fire was caused by the lightning strike on the 10 kV highvoltage transmission lines. The findings provide a reference for determining whether the transmission line fault was caused by lightning strikes in the case of not installing a wave recorder and lightning counter.
2010, 38(6):825-831.
Abstract:
Comparison is carried out on the difference of the lightning protection between ancient buildings and modern buildings from the characteristics of ancient buildings, taking the lightning accident at the Zijin temple of Suzhou as an example. The analysis and summary is made of the lightning accident. The reasons for the ancient include: the tall and old ginkgo tree became the flash point of a lightning strike and caused the lightning accident; the lightning counterattack induced by the ginkgo tree next around the building after the flash resulted in building damage; lightning electromagnetic impulses caused the short circuiting of the indoor circuit and then induced the fire. A systematical lightning protection design for the Rohan Room of the Zijin temple is given, with a focus on the improvement part of the overhead power lines leading directly into the Zijin temple. The results indicate that ancient buildings, the same as modern buildings, should be paid great attention in the protection of lightning electromagnetic impulses. Some lightning protection techniques can be seen from the designs of ancient buildings, which can be used as references in the lightning protection of modern architecture.
Comparison is carried out on the difference of the lightning protection between ancient buildings and modern buildings from the characteristics of ancient buildings, taking the lightning accident at the Zijin temple of Suzhou as an example. The analysis and summary is made of the lightning accident. The reasons for the ancient include: the tall and old ginkgo tree became the flash point of a lightning strike and caused the lightning accident; the lightning counterattack induced by the ginkgo tree next around the building after the flash resulted in building damage; lightning electromagnetic impulses caused the short circuiting of the indoor circuit and then induced the fire. A systematical lightning protection design for the Rohan Room of the Zijin temple is given, with a focus on the improvement part of the overhead power lines leading directly into the Zijin temple. The results indicate that ancient buildings, the same as modern buildings, should be paid great attention in the protection of lightning electromagnetic impulses. Some lightning protection techniques can be seen from the designs of ancient buildings, which can be used as references in the lightning protection of modern architecture.
2010, 38(6):832-837.
Abstract:
Focused on the key problems of lightning monitoring and forecasting, a system of lightning monitoring, forecasting, and data dealing is devised with a threelayer logical structure based on the platform of ArcEngine, under the support of SqlServer 2005 and GeoDatabase. This system steps beyond the data boundary of GIS and lightning domain, and integrates the lightning forecasting model, realizing the monitoring and early warning of lightning in realtime based on GIS. Meanwhile, the system achieves efficient organization, storage and management of the relevant heterogeneous lightning data including geoinformation, and satisfies demands like history lightning data query, processing， and analysis. It provides an effective visual platform for meteorological departments concerning lightning weather monitoring, forecasting and early warning, as well as the comprehensive lightning data processing and analysis based on GIS. It also makes a valuable exploration in combining GIS with meteorological service.
Focused on the key problems of lightning monitoring and forecasting, a system of lightning monitoring, forecasting, and data dealing is devised with a threelayer logical structure based on the platform of ArcEngine, under the support of SqlServer 2005 and GeoDatabase. This system steps beyond the data boundary of GIS and lightning domain, and integrates the lightning forecasting model, realizing the monitoring and early warning of lightning in realtime based on GIS. Meanwhile, the system achieves efficient organization, storage and management of the relevant heterogeneous lightning data including geoinformation, and satisfies demands like history lightning data query, processing， and analysis. It provides an effective visual platform for meteorological departments concerning lightning weather monitoring, forecasting and early warning, as well as the comprehensive lightning data processing and analysis based on GIS. It also makes a valuable exploration in combining GIS with meteorological service.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.