Volume 44,Issue 5,2016 Table of Contents
2016, 44(5):697-701.
Abstract:
With the rapid development of optical fiber technology, the allfiber Doppler lidar has been used in the wind detecting. In order to maximize the benefits of the coherent Doppler lidar, the basic principles and structure of the Doppler lidar are described for the lidar data user and operators. The 532nm visible laser Doppler measurement system was built in the lab based on the Michelson interferometer principle, and the accurate speed of the wheel is gained. The principles, structure, and velocity inversion of the laser coherent velocity measurement system are displayed directly. In addition, the allfiber velocity measurement system based on 1550nm laser was set up in the lab, through a great number of observation experiments. When the speed of the wheel is 2.9 m/s and 4.8 m/s, the system errors of the speed is -001 m/s and 0.04 m/s and the standard deviation is 0.08 m/s and 0.1 m/s, respectively. The results show that the speed measured by the allfiler 1550nm laser velocity measurement system is credible.
With the rapid development of optical fiber technology, the allfiber Doppler lidar has been used in the wind detecting. In order to maximize the benefits of the coherent Doppler lidar, the basic principles and structure of the Doppler lidar are described for the lidar data user and operators. The 532nm visible laser Doppler measurement system was built in the lab based on the Michelson interferometer principle, and the accurate speed of the wheel is gained. The principles, structure, and velocity inversion of the laser coherent velocity measurement system are displayed directly. In addition, the allfiber velocity measurement system based on 1550nm laser was set up in the lab, through a great number of observation experiments. When the speed of the wheel is 2.9 m/s and 4.8 m/s, the system errors of the speed is -001 m/s and 0.04 m/s and the standard deviation is 0.08 m/s and 0.1 m/s, respectively. The results show that the speed measured by the allfiler 1550nm laser velocity measurement system is credible.
2016, 44(5):702-709.
Abstract:
The radiosonde vapor density is used as standards to analysis the accuracy of microwave radiometer and WRF vapor density data, both at 00:00UTC and 12:00UTC. As a whole, the vapor density profile of WRF seems closer to that of radiosonde comparing with the profile measuring by the groundbased microwave radiometer, but not including that near the surface, where it has a larger bias to sounding vapor density. It is also found that the maximum of vapor density deviation is in summer and the minimum is in winter. Besides, the vapor density of microwave radiometer has a small peak at about 3 km, because there exist clouds in the layer of 3 km to 5 km, which influences microwave radiometer’s vapor density retrieving. Using the WRF vapor density data at 06:00UTC and 18:00UTC as standards to assess the retrieving vapor density profile measured by the groundbased microwave radiometer, the similar result can be obtained.
The radiosonde vapor density is used as standards to analysis the accuracy of microwave radiometer and WRF vapor density data, both at 00:00UTC and 12:00UTC. As a whole, the vapor density profile of WRF seems closer to that of radiosonde comparing with the profile measuring by the groundbased microwave radiometer, but not including that near the surface, where it has a larger bias to sounding vapor density. It is also found that the maximum of vapor density deviation is in summer and the minimum is in winter. Besides, the vapor density of microwave radiometer has a small peak at about 3 km, because there exist clouds in the layer of 3 km to 5 km, which influences microwave radiometer’s vapor density retrieving. Using the WRF vapor density data at 06:00UTC and 18:00UTC as standards to assess the retrieving vapor density profile measured by the groundbased microwave radiometer, the similar result can be obtained.
2016, 44(5):710-714.
Abstract:
In terms of marine observation, aircraft observation has a huge potential to fill the blank of upperair sounding. One of important methods to observe typhoons is to use dropsondes. The UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can fly around a typhoon and can directly fly into the eye of a typhoon to observe its major meteorological elements in real time. Combining with GPS dropsondes, which are equipped with temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors and wind measurement equipment by GPS, it can make threedimensional observation in the eye of a typhoon. For the past years, dropsondes can grasp the whole structure and realtime dynamic information of typhoons, which do help to improve the accuracy of intensity and track prediction of typhoons. Aircraft dropsondes have changed from scientific experiments into operational application, leading to a new observation technology, target observation. The examples and technologies of international experiments using aircrafts with dropsondes to observe typhoons are summarized, which may offer some valuable references in experiences and modern technologies for typhoon experiments in China.
In terms of marine observation, aircraft observation has a huge potential to fill the blank of upperair sounding. One of important methods to observe typhoons is to use dropsondes. The UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can fly around a typhoon and can directly fly into the eye of a typhoon to observe its major meteorological elements in real time. Combining with GPS dropsondes, which are equipped with temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors and wind measurement equipment by GPS, it can make threedimensional observation in the eye of a typhoon. For the past years, dropsondes can grasp the whole structure and realtime dynamic information of typhoons, which do help to improve the accuracy of intensity and track prediction of typhoons. Aircraft dropsondes have changed from scientific experiments into operational application, leading to a new observation technology, target observation. The examples and technologies of international experiments using aircrafts with dropsondes to observe typhoons are summarized, which may offer some valuable references in experiences and modern technologies for typhoon experiments in China.
4 Correlation Analysis of Observation Data from Automatic Stations Based on Association Rule Mining
2016, 44(5):715-721.
Abstract:
Base on the association rules in data mining technology, the relationship among the different elements of surface meteorological observation is analyzed, so to provide reference for internal consistency checks for different elements of meteorological observation data. The distribution ranges with strong association rules are obtained by analyzing surface meteorological automatic observation data of 2013 from the Beijing Nanjiao experimental station. Analysis of the correlation between the relative humidity and wind speed variation is made and the change thresholds are obtained. According to the correlation between the relative humidity and visibility, visibility changes are more obviously affected by precipitation. An analysis is made of the different levels of rainfall intensity corresponding to the interval values of visibility for the specific precipitation process to reveals the changing relationship between visibility and rainfall intensity. The results show that using the correlation to identify meteorological observation data can provide reference for meteorological observation data quality control.
Base on the association rules in data mining technology, the relationship among the different elements of surface meteorological observation is analyzed, so to provide reference for internal consistency checks for different elements of meteorological observation data. The distribution ranges with strong association rules are obtained by analyzing surface meteorological automatic observation data of 2013 from the Beijing Nanjiao experimental station. Analysis of the correlation between the relative humidity and wind speed variation is made and the change thresholds are obtained. According to the correlation between the relative humidity and visibility, visibility changes are more obviously affected by precipitation. An analysis is made of the different levels of rainfall intensity corresponding to the interval values of visibility for the specific precipitation process to reveals the changing relationship between visibility and rainfall intensity. The results show that using the correlation to identify meteorological observation data can provide reference for meteorological observation data quality control.
2016, 44(5):722-727.
Abstract:
The contrastive analysis is made based on the data from automatic weather station (AWS) and conventional station during the parallel observation from January to December 2003 at the Binhai Weather station in Yancheng. The differences of relative humidity between two observing systems are analyzed, and the relationships of relative humidity, ambient temperature, weather condition and wind speed to the relative humidity difference (ΔH) between automatic and conventional stations are discussed. The results show that there are some differences between automatic and manual observations of relative humidity in Binhai County. The bias is within the allowable range of accuracy, about 93% of data biases are between-4% to 4%. The relative humidity is less than 70% when the absolute value of bias is larger than 2%. The annual distribution of ΔH appears Wshaped fluctuation. With the increase of air temperature, the distribution of ΔH shows Vshaped variation tendency. When the air temperature is high, the magnitude of auto weather station humidity is usually smaller than that of manmade observation. When humidity increases or it rains, ΔH tends to be positive. When wind speed increases, ΔH has a decreasing trend, and the relative humidity of the automatic station is larger than that of manual observation.
The contrastive analysis is made based on the data from automatic weather station (AWS) and conventional station during the parallel observation from January to December 2003 at the Binhai Weather station in Yancheng. The differences of relative humidity between two observing systems are analyzed, and the relationships of relative humidity, ambient temperature, weather condition and wind speed to the relative humidity difference (ΔH) between automatic and conventional stations are discussed. The results show that there are some differences between automatic and manual observations of relative humidity in Binhai County. The bias is within the allowable range of accuracy, about 93% of data biases are between-4% to 4%. The relative humidity is less than 70% when the absolute value of bias is larger than 2%. The annual distribution of ΔH appears Wshaped fluctuation. With the increase of air temperature, the distribution of ΔH shows Vshaped variation tendency. When the air temperature is high, the magnitude of auto weather station humidity is usually smaller than that of manmade observation. When humidity increases or it rains, ΔH tends to be positive. When wind speed increases, ΔH has a decreasing trend, and the relative humidity of the automatic station is larger than that of manual observation.
2016, 44(5):728-732.
Abstract:
In order to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and comparability of the platinum resistance ground temperature sensors, it is very important to calibrate the temperature sensors of automatic meteorological stations. Through tests, the errors are controlled within the scope of the system permit. Uncertainty analysis is one of the important steps to examine the credibility of calibration results. On the basis of the related operating guidelines about ground temperature sensors of automatic meteorological stations and the evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement, ten repeatability tests are conducted, and the sources of the uncertainty in the process of verification are analyzed, targeted to different sources of the uncertainty evaluation of categories A and B. The evaluation method is of certain significance to the credibility evaluation of ground temperature sensor calibration results of automatic meteorological stations
In order to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and comparability of the platinum resistance ground temperature sensors, it is very important to calibrate the temperature sensors of automatic meteorological stations. Through tests, the errors are controlled within the scope of the system permit. Uncertainty analysis is one of the important steps to examine the credibility of calibration results. On the basis of the related operating guidelines about ground temperature sensors of automatic meteorological stations and the evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement, ten repeatability tests are conducted, and the sources of the uncertainty in the process of verification are analyzed, targeted to different sources of the uncertainty evaluation of categories A and B. The evaluation method is of certain significance to the credibility evaluation of ground temperature sensor calibration results of automatic meteorological stations
2016, 44(5):733-738.
Abstract:
The data transmission and SMS checkin system of nextgeneration weather radar is introduced, which solved some problems existed in the current nextgeneration weather radar observation. The data transmission subsystem, which integrates the transmission and monitoring of 3 kinds of radar data and solves the problems in the operation, is developed. The timeliness, stability, reliability, and security of the data transmission system are further improved. The research on automatic SMS checkin for the nextgeneration weather radar also is also conducted according to the soft fault exclusion experiences. The adaptive subsystem is designed for the realtime transmission of the next generation weather radar fault monitoring alarm, which receives SMS commands in accordance with the predefined procedures, automatically excludes the part of the fault soft tasks, in order to resume early the normal operation of the newgeneration weather radar, and improves the timeliness of troubleshooting. The actual application of the system in the Haikou weather radar station shows that it performs well and can meet the current needs of the nextgeneration weather radar operation and observation.
The data transmission and SMS checkin system of nextgeneration weather radar is introduced, which solved some problems existed in the current nextgeneration weather radar observation. The data transmission subsystem, which integrates the transmission and monitoring of 3 kinds of radar data and solves the problems in the operation, is developed. The timeliness, stability, reliability, and security of the data transmission system are further improved. The research on automatic SMS checkin for the nextgeneration weather radar also is also conducted according to the soft fault exclusion experiences. The adaptive subsystem is designed for the realtime transmission of the next generation weather radar fault monitoring alarm, which receives SMS commands in accordance with the predefined procedures, automatically excludes the part of the fault soft tasks, in order to resume early the normal operation of the newgeneration weather radar, and improves the timeliness of troubleshooting. The actual application of the system in the Haikou weather radar station shows that it performs well and can meet the current needs of the nextgeneration weather radar operation and observation.
2016, 44(5):739-743.
Abstract:
With the continuous development of meteorological stations, as well as the public attention to the meteorological information, the management and monitoring of the weather stations are becoming increasingly important. The research on the combination of mobile Internet with weather station monitoring is still in the developing stage. The data of weather stations are mainly obtained from office PC presently. Limited in regions and time, the data users cannot check meteorological data and obtain failure equipment information timely. In order to obtain data more flexibly and conduct treatment timely on failure equipment, an information inquiry system is designed and realized, which uses the Eclipse of Android software development kit and Java, combining some mobile application features. The system can realize the data queries of weather stations by a mobile client and provides a useful tool for the meteorologists in monitoring and maintenance of station equipment. Moreover, the spatiality of meteorological service is expanded and the capability of mobile meteorological information service is improved.
With the continuous development of meteorological stations, as well as the public attention to the meteorological information, the management and monitoring of the weather stations are becoming increasingly important. The research on the combination of mobile Internet with weather station monitoring is still in the developing stage. The data of weather stations are mainly obtained from office PC presently. Limited in regions and time, the data users cannot check meteorological data and obtain failure equipment information timely. In order to obtain data more flexibly and conduct treatment timely on failure equipment, an information inquiry system is designed and realized, which uses the Eclipse of Android software development kit and Java, combining some mobile application features. The system can realize the data queries of weather stations by a mobile client and provides a useful tool for the meteorologists in monitoring and maintenance of station equipment. Moreover, the spatiality of meteorological service is expanded and the capability of mobile meteorological information service is improved.
2016, 44(5):744-748.
Abstract:
According to the faults and the repairing cases of type ZQZⅡ1 automatic meteorological stations in recent years in Hubei, the repairing processes for the power supply, panel, and motherboard, especially when damaged naturally or by lightning, are introduced. Based on the real electric circle, the schematic diagram of the motherboard and the connecting diagram of sensors and collectors are drawn, by which faults can be found quickly. The procedures to disassemble the multilayer circuit board without professional tools are also described. Several repairing cases are introduced, and fault causes and repairing methods are discussed. The reason for that the motherboard was damaged by the lightning strike along the wind stick is analyzed, and the modified methods are provided.
According to the faults and the repairing cases of type ZQZⅡ1 automatic meteorological stations in recent years in Hubei, the repairing processes for the power supply, panel, and motherboard, especially when damaged naturally or by lightning, are introduced. Based on the real electric circle, the schematic diagram of the motherboard and the connecting diagram of sensors and collectors are drawn, by which faults can be found quickly. The procedures to disassemble the multilayer circuit board without professional tools are also described. Several repairing cases are introduced, and fault causes and repairing methods are discussed. The reason for that the motherboard was damaged by the lightning strike along the wind stick is analyzed, and the modified methods are provided.
2016, 44(5):749-753.
Abstract:
Based on the data of 172 weather stations supplied by the National Meteorological Information Center and the hindcast data of the models from China, American, Japan and Europe from 1983 to 2010 and operational application results from 2011 to 2014, the prediction performance of monthly temperature is evaluated and analyzed by using Anomaly Correlation Coefficient(ACC), Trend Anomaly Inspection Evaluation (PS), and Anomaly Symbol Consistency rate (PC). The results indicate that the monthly temperature prediction performance of EC and CFSv2 is better than those of BCC and TCC model and have some skill. From space, the PC from CFSv2 is better in the first half year than in the second half year, and the range of more than 80% is larger. It is also shown that CFSv2 and EC have certain skill in typical low temperature years in summer in Northeast China
Based on the data of 172 weather stations supplied by the National Meteorological Information Center and the hindcast data of the models from China, American, Japan and Europe from 1983 to 2010 and operational application results from 2011 to 2014, the prediction performance of monthly temperature is evaluated and analyzed by using Anomaly Correlation Coefficient(ACC), Trend Anomaly Inspection Evaluation (PS), and Anomaly Symbol Consistency rate (PC). The results indicate that the monthly temperature prediction performance of EC and CFSv2 is better than those of BCC and TCC model and have some skill. From space, the PC from CFSv2 is better in the first half year than in the second half year, and the range of more than 80% is larger. It is also shown that CFSv2 and EC have certain skill in typical low temperature years in summer in Northeast China
2016, 44(5):754-762.
Abstract:
By applying the WRF model to simulate a heat wave event which occurred over Zhongshan in July 2010, the impact of urbanization on heat wave event is evaluated. Two sets of landuse data and anthropogenic heat(AH)estimated by taking into account sources from manufactories, vehicles and residents are introduced into the model. The results show that the control run which uses the new landuse data gives a good performance on the temperature distribution of Zhongshan during the heat wave event, and the urban heat island phenomenon over Zhongshan is evident. The increases of temperature due to the urban land cover and AH are 0.9 ℃ and 0.2 ℃, respectively, and the increase of daily minimum temperature is more evident than that of daily maximum temperature. Both urban land cover and AH can enhance the intensity of the urban heat island over Zhongshan, especially in nighttime, and the change of intensity is largest before sunrise, which is 1.5 ℃ due to unban land cover and 0.6 ℃ due to AH. Urban land cover and AH can enhance the surface sensible heat flux, which leads to the increase of temperature, but the change of heat flux because of urban land cover is much higher than that of AH. Besides, the change of heat flux is more evident in daytime, but the increase of temperature is larger in nighttime.
By applying the WRF model to simulate a heat wave event which occurred over Zhongshan in July 2010, the impact of urbanization on heat wave event is evaluated. Two sets of landuse data and anthropogenic heat(AH)estimated by taking into account sources from manufactories, vehicles and residents are introduced into the model. The results show that the control run which uses the new landuse data gives a good performance on the temperature distribution of Zhongshan during the heat wave event, and the urban heat island phenomenon over Zhongshan is evident. The increases of temperature due to the urban land cover and AH are 0.9 ℃ and 0.2 ℃, respectively, and the increase of daily minimum temperature is more evident than that of daily maximum temperature. Both urban land cover and AH can enhance the intensity of the urban heat island over Zhongshan, especially in nighttime, and the change of intensity is largest before sunrise, which is 1.5 ℃ due to unban land cover and 0.6 ℃ due to AH. Urban land cover and AH can enhance the surface sensible heat flux, which leads to the increase of temperature, but the change of heat flux because of urban land cover is much higher than that of AH. Besides, the change of heat flux is more evident in daytime, but the increase of temperature is larger in nighttime.
12 Characteristics of Temperature in Northern Antarctic Peninsula and Their Relationship with Seaice
2016, 44(5):763-768.
Abstract:
According to the annual, seasonal, and monthly average temperature of Vernadsky, Marambio, Esperanza, and Marsh stations from 1974 to 2013 and the seaice concentration data from the near waters, by means of the linear regression tendency estimation method and Mexican Hat wavelet analysis method, the temperature characteristics and their relationship with seaice are studied. The results show that in the recent 40 years, the temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula had a warming trend; the change of sea ice concentration was negatively correlated with the change of temperature. The average temperature change was 2.24 ℃ at Vernadsky, 0.88 ℃ at Marambio, 0.8 ℃ at Esperanza, and 0.12 ℃ at Marsh. Winter warming was the key to the increase of the average temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The west coast was the fastest warming region, and the high value area is on the east coast of the George Island. The temperature rising was most obvious in the middle 1990s, which was the key period of warming in the last 40 years. The seaice concentrations, except the weak growth at Marambio, were significantly reduced the remaining three stations. This change also confirms that the warming was relatively significant in West Coast and relatively moderate in the east coast and the King George Island.
According to the annual, seasonal, and monthly average temperature of Vernadsky, Marambio, Esperanza, and Marsh stations from 1974 to 2013 and the seaice concentration data from the near waters, by means of the linear regression tendency estimation method and Mexican Hat wavelet analysis method, the temperature characteristics and their relationship with seaice are studied. The results show that in the recent 40 years, the temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula had a warming trend; the change of sea ice concentration was negatively correlated with the change of temperature. The average temperature change was 2.24 ℃ at Vernadsky, 0.88 ℃ at Marambio, 0.8 ℃ at Esperanza, and 0.12 ℃ at Marsh. Winter warming was the key to the increase of the average temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The west coast was the fastest warming region, and the high value area is on the east coast of the George Island. The temperature rising was most obvious in the middle 1990s, which was the key period of warming in the last 40 years. The seaice concentrations, except the weak growth at Marambio, were significantly reduced the remaining three stations. This change also confirms that the warming was relatively significant in West Coast and relatively moderate in the east coast and the King George Island.
2016, 44(5):769-775.
Abstract:
The climatological method of calculating gross solar radiation is established by using the observation data of solar radiation and sunshine duration from 1961 to 2010 in Anhui Province. The accuracy and applicability of the method are demonstrated according to the influence of different parameters and spatialtemporal scales. Results indicate that the climatological model based on the astronomical radiation and combining data can achieve a better balance between the accuracy and applicability in the simulation of monthly gross solar radiation in Anhui Province. Further, the spatialtemporal variation characteristics of the simulated gross solar radiation are addressed by the trend analysis, mutation testing, and wavelet analysis. Results show that solar radiation was greater in the north of Anhui Province and less in the south. The seasonal distribution of solar radiation exhibited the singlepeak type characteristic, though there was a trough in the Meiyu period.In the recent 50 years, the solar radiation declined significantly by 0.31 MJ〖DK〗·m-2〖DK〗·d-1 per decade in Anhui Province, and the declined trend of solar radiation slowed down since the 1990s. Results of MK testing show that there was a mutation phenomenon in the variation of solar radiation in the early 1980s. Significant periodic oscillations of solar radiation with quasi10 and 4-6 year scales are found in the recent 50 years in Anhui Province. Since the 1980s, the decade oscillation showed weaker, and the climate state of less solar radiation dominated in recent decades.
The climatological method of calculating gross solar radiation is established by using the observation data of solar radiation and sunshine duration from 1961 to 2010 in Anhui Province. The accuracy and applicability of the method are demonstrated according to the influence of different parameters and spatialtemporal scales. Results indicate that the climatological model based on the astronomical radiation and combining data can achieve a better balance between the accuracy and applicability in the simulation of monthly gross solar radiation in Anhui Province. Further, the spatialtemporal variation characteristics of the simulated gross solar radiation are addressed by the trend analysis, mutation testing, and wavelet analysis. Results show that solar radiation was greater in the north of Anhui Province and less in the south. The seasonal distribution of solar radiation exhibited the singlepeak type characteristic, though there was a trough in the Meiyu period.In the recent 50 years, the solar radiation declined significantly by 0.31 MJ〖DK〗·m-2〖DK〗·d-1 per decade in Anhui Province, and the declined trend of solar radiation slowed down since the 1990s. Results of MK testing show that there was a mutation phenomenon in the variation of solar radiation in the early 1980s. Significant periodic oscillations of solar radiation with quasi10 and 4-6 year scales are found in the recent 50 years in Anhui Province. Since the 1980s, the decade oscillation showed weaker, and the climate state of less solar radiation dominated in recent decades.
2016, 44(5):776-782.
Abstract:
Based on the daily precipitation data of 104 stations in the Sichuan basin, a new method for identifying Regional Rainstorm Processes (RRP) in the Sichuan basin is established, and its temporal and spatial variation characteristics are analyzed. The research results show that the new method can rule out the influence of the isolated storm site, and identify the RRP quickly and accurately. There are 216 RRPs in the Sichuan basin, which have good correspondence with historical disaster data in time, range, and intensity. The number of RRPs in the Sichuan basin from 1961 to 2013 showed a gradual decrease. The integrated strength gradually increased from 1991 to 2013, which may be related to the duration and increase of accumulated rainfall. The method of rotating orthogonal function (REOF) is used to study the frequency of RRPs in three regions (northwest, northeast, and south). It is found that the most common is the northwest, the second is the northeast, and the south is the least frequently. For the three types of RRPs, the temporal variations are obvious, especially in recent 20 years. There is a trend of gradual decrease in the northwest of the basin, and increase in the northeast, while the south has no obvious change.
Based on the daily precipitation data of 104 stations in the Sichuan basin, a new method for identifying Regional Rainstorm Processes (RRP) in the Sichuan basin is established, and its temporal and spatial variation characteristics are analyzed. The research results show that the new method can rule out the influence of the isolated storm site, and identify the RRP quickly and accurately. There are 216 RRPs in the Sichuan basin, which have good correspondence with historical disaster data in time, range, and intensity. The number of RRPs in the Sichuan basin from 1961 to 2013 showed a gradual decrease. The integrated strength gradually increased from 1991 to 2013, which may be related to the duration and increase of accumulated rainfall. The method of rotating orthogonal function (REOF) is used to study the frequency of RRPs in three regions (northwest, northeast, and south). It is found that the most common is the northwest, the second is the northeast, and the south is the least frequently. For the three types of RRPs, the temporal variations are obvious, especially in recent 20 years. There is a trend of gradual decrease in the northwest of the basin, and increase in the northeast, while the south has no obvious change.
2016, 44(5):783-787.
Abstract:
Based on the temperature observation data of 14 stations in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region during the period of 1961 to 2014, after detection and adjustment of homogeneity for annual mean temperature, the climate characteristics of temperature changes since the impoundment of TGR are analyzed.The mean temperatures before and after impoundment are compared, and also the effect of the water area change on regional climate is analyzed by choosing stations of near TGR and far from TGR. Results show that there was an increasing temperature trend in the past 54 years over the TGR region，which is consistent with the temperature change over Southwest China and the global. But in the recent 11 years， the expanding water surface area of the reservoir seems to increase the warming in winter and decrease the cooling in summer
Based on the temperature observation data of 14 stations in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region during the period of 1961 to 2014, after detection and adjustment of homogeneity for annual mean temperature, the climate characteristics of temperature changes since the impoundment of TGR are analyzed.The mean temperatures before and after impoundment are compared, and also the effect of the water area change on regional climate is analyzed by choosing stations of near TGR and far from TGR. Results show that there was an increasing temperature trend in the past 54 years over the TGR region，which is consistent with the temperature change over Southwest China and the global. But in the recent 11 years， the expanding water surface area of the reservoir seems to increase the warming in winter and decrease the cooling in summer
2016, 44(5):788-792.
Abstract:
The information quantity method is used to evaluate the susceptibility of geological hazards, and the whole province is divided into 3 levels. Based on the geological disasters and precipitation data from 2009 to 2014 in Guizhou Province, the relationship between the probability of geological hazards and the effective precipitation at various levels is analyzed. On the basis of this, the dynamic critical rainfall is introduced into the forecast model by the method of probability theory, and the probabilistic forecasting model of geological hazards based on the dynamic critical rainfall is established. The results show that: The critical rainfall of geological hazards is not static, but distributed in a very large range. When the effective precipitation is a specific value in the interval, it is more appropriate to describe the occurrence probability of geological disasters with the corresponding probability. The model prediction accuracy rate is more than 80% in 2015, which shows that the proposed method has practical application value, and can play a good role in forecasting and early warning.
The information quantity method is used to evaluate the susceptibility of geological hazards, and the whole province is divided into 3 levels. Based on the geological disasters and precipitation data from 2009 to 2014 in Guizhou Province, the relationship between the probability of geological hazards and the effective precipitation at various levels is analyzed. On the basis of this, the dynamic critical rainfall is introduced into the forecast model by the method of probability theory, and the probabilistic forecasting model of geological hazards based on the dynamic critical rainfall is established. The results show that: The critical rainfall of geological hazards is not static, but distributed in a very large range. When the effective precipitation is a specific value in the interval, it is more appropriate to describe the occurrence probability of geological disasters with the corresponding probability. The model prediction accuracy rate is more than 80% in 2015, which shows that the proposed method has practical application value, and can play a good role in forecasting and early warning.
2016, 44(5):793-799.
Abstract:
Based on the conventional station, regional automatic station, and NCEP 1 °× 1 ° reanalysis data, the dynamic mechanisms of a heavy rainstorm in the rear of the typhoon Sura are analyzed, and terrain simulation is conducted by WRF model. The results show that the heavy rain presented obviously mesoscale features; the convergence of the low level flow field promoted the development of the ascending movement in the heavy rain area; the verylowaltitude southerly jet provided sufficient vapor conditions; the jet stream strengthened and moved northward before the heavy rain occurred. Because of the convergence line of wind speed induced by the land friction effect along the coastal area, the mesoscale heavy rain system was triggered, the strength of which had a direct impact on the heavy rain intensity.
Based on the conventional station, regional automatic station, and NCEP 1 °× 1 ° reanalysis data, the dynamic mechanisms of a heavy rainstorm in the rear of the typhoon Sura are analyzed, and terrain simulation is conducted by WRF model. The results show that the heavy rain presented obviously mesoscale features; the convergence of the low level flow field promoted the development of the ascending movement in the heavy rain area; the verylowaltitude southerly jet provided sufficient vapor conditions; the jet stream strengthened and moved northward before the heavy rain occurred. Because of the convergence line of wind speed induced by the land friction effect along the coastal area, the mesoscale heavy rain system was triggered, the strength of which had a direct impact on the heavy rain intensity.
2016, 44(5):800-804.
Abstract:
Using the MICAPS, NCEP, and the monitoring data of atmospheric composition from environmental monitoring stations, the floatingdust and heavy air pollution process on 29 March 2015 in the Lianyungang area is analyzed. The results show that after the dust weather in the upstream area, a large number of dust particles carried by the northwest air affected the local area， resulted in the floating dust. There were westerlies at the upper levels and increasing sinking motion at 400 hPa, and the high altitude momentum transmission is the dynamic condition for the floating dust. In a weak pressure field, the atmospheric stability and wind are weak, and the air is dry, which are conducive to the spread of dust particles and pollutants. The backward trajectory simulation of dust particles indicates that the sand source is from the eastern region of Mongolia, consistent with the high altitude situation analysis.
Using the MICAPS, NCEP, and the monitoring data of atmospheric composition from environmental monitoring stations, the floatingdust and heavy air pollution process on 29 March 2015 in the Lianyungang area is analyzed. The results show that after the dust weather in the upstream area, a large number of dust particles carried by the northwest air affected the local area， resulted in the floating dust. There were westerlies at the upper levels and increasing sinking motion at 400 hPa, and the high altitude momentum transmission is the dynamic condition for the floating dust. In a weak pressure field, the atmospheric stability and wind are weak, and the air is dry, which are conducive to the spread of dust particles and pollutants. The backward trajectory simulation of dust particles indicates that the sand source is from the eastern region of Mongolia, consistent with the high altitude situation analysis.
2016, 44(5):805-810.
Abstract:
The airborne PMS particle detection system is used to observe a rainfall process occurred in central Gansu Province on 27 August 2006, and the microphysical features of the precipitation clouds are analyzed. The results show that the clouds mainly consist of small cloud particles with the average diameter of less than 20 μm, which have more contribution to cloud water content. It obeys the “sowsupply” mechanism of precipitation, and cloud droplet concentration and water content at lower levels were relatively greater, but the average diameter was less than that at upper levels. There were three growth mechanisms of cloud droplets: deposition growth and riming growth at the top of the cloud, and mainly coagulation growth in the lower part of the cloud.
The airborne PMS particle detection system is used to observe a rainfall process occurred in central Gansu Province on 27 August 2006, and the microphysical features of the precipitation clouds are analyzed. The results show that the clouds mainly consist of small cloud particles with the average diameter of less than 20 μm, which have more contribution to cloud water content. It obeys the “sowsupply” mechanism of precipitation, and cloud droplet concentration and water content at lower levels were relatively greater, but the average diameter was less than that at upper levels. There were three growth mechanisms of cloud droplets: deposition growth and riming growth at the top of the cloud, and mainly coagulation growth in the lower part of the cloud.
2016, 44(5):811-815.
Abstract:
There are many factors influencing the efficiency of traditional weather modification operation, such as airplane performance, and the air space partition and application. The optimized design of air space partition for airplane seeding is proposed, through synthetically considering the borders of military air space control, the civilian airline corridor, the distribution of cloud vapor sources, and the alpine terrain. The evaluation model of airplane seeding based on safety, effect, and partition is set up, and the precipitation potential of cloud seeding is also studied. The procedures of the managing model, include seeding applying, seeding decision, seeding directing， and seeding bulletin is described, and the managing platform is devised. The modules of the air space partition for grid seeding, the effect evaluation of airplane seeding, and the managing bulletin creating in the model are validated and corrected in the seeding application. The effective allocation of resources for airplane seeding can be accomplished according to the model.
There are many factors influencing the efficiency of traditional weather modification operation, such as airplane performance, and the air space partition and application. The optimized design of air space partition for airplane seeding is proposed, through synthetically considering the borders of military air space control, the civilian airline corridor, the distribution of cloud vapor sources, and the alpine terrain. The evaluation model of airplane seeding based on safety, effect, and partition is set up, and the precipitation potential of cloud seeding is also studied. The procedures of the managing model, include seeding applying, seeding decision, seeding directing， and seeding bulletin is described, and the managing platform is devised. The modules of the air space partition for grid seeding, the effect evaluation of airplane seeding, and the managing bulletin creating in the model are validated and corrected in the seeding application. The effective allocation of resources for airplane seeding can be accomplished according to the model.
2016, 44(5):816-821.
Abstract:
Aiming at the problems of safety shot chart mapping， the automatic cartographic algorithm is proposed, which is based on spatial reference, spatial analysis, cartographic expression. According to the location of the station，the accurate space reference coordinate system is adopted. Distance circles and azimuth rays are generated by analysis tools, and the generative process of the safety shot sector zone is derived from the set theory. On account of derivation results，the tools such as SymDiff_analysis, FeatureToPolygon_management, and SelectLayerByLocation_management were integrated to the completed spatial analysis process.The application shows that users just need input the related data，and the drawing process is without humancomputer interaction, which can guarantee the accuracy of the drawing elements and put an end to the possibility of leakage.
Aiming at the problems of safety shot chart mapping， the automatic cartographic algorithm is proposed, which is based on spatial reference, spatial analysis, cartographic expression. According to the location of the station，the accurate space reference coordinate system is adopted. Distance circles and azimuth rays are generated by analysis tools, and the generative process of the safety shot sector zone is derived from the set theory. On account of derivation results，the tools such as SymDiff_analysis, FeatureToPolygon_management, and SelectLayerByLocation_management were integrated to the completed spatial analysis process.The application shows that users just need input the related data，and the drawing process is without humancomputer interaction, which can guarantee the accuracy of the drawing elements and put an end to the possibility of leakage.
2016, 44(5):822-827.
Abstract:
Using the MODIS level3 product MCD12Q1 and Chongqing ADTD lightning location information from 2008 to 2013, choosing the rectangular region between 106 °-107 °E, 29 °-30 °N as the study area, combined with frequency, current intensity, time and landforms, the research is conducted on the relationship between the types of land cover and the distribution of cloudtoground lightning. The results show that the lightning distribution has significant difference in the study area corresponding various landcover types; the lightning densities in waters, farmland and urban are higher than the average; the lightning distributions in mildtomoderate and strong flashes have obvious difference; strong lightning occurs in waters and woodland more frequently; there is no marked relationship between land cover types and seasons; lightning distributions in day and night have obvious difference in some land covers; the lightning distribution is closely related to landforms in same land covers.
Using the MODIS level3 product MCD12Q1 and Chongqing ADTD lightning location information from 2008 to 2013, choosing the rectangular region between 106 °-107 °E, 29 °-30 °N as the study area, combined with frequency, current intensity, time and landforms, the research is conducted on the relationship between the types of land cover and the distribution of cloudtoground lightning. The results show that the lightning distribution has significant difference in the study area corresponding various landcover types; the lightning densities in waters, farmland and urban are higher than the average; the lightning distributions in mildtomoderate and strong flashes have obvious difference; strong lightning occurs in waters and woodland more frequently; there is no marked relationship between land cover types and seasons; lightning distributions in day and night have obvious difference in some land covers; the lightning distribution is closely related to landforms in same land covers.
2016, 44(5):828-833.
Abstract:
MOV is the core component of the SPD. According to the regulations of IEC 61643, the discharge current capacity of MOV is an important indicator of SPD’s antithundering capability. Usually, the maximum discharge current of MOV is considered as its discharge current capacity. But this does not mean that the maximum discharge current of MOV represents the discharge current capacity of MOV. In order to further and accurately analyze SPD’s antithundering capability, it is necessary for researchers to upgrade the measurement of the discharge current capacity of MOV. By studying the attributes of discharge current capacity and introducing the implication of AS Resources, the differences between the maximum discharge current and the discharge current capacity are distinguished. The discharge current capacity of MOV can be better measured by using AS Resource theory. The optimized method can evaluate SPD antithundering capability more accurately.
MOV is the core component of the SPD. According to the regulations of IEC 61643, the discharge current capacity of MOV is an important indicator of SPD’s antithundering capability. Usually, the maximum discharge current of MOV is considered as its discharge current capacity. But this does not mean that the maximum discharge current of MOV represents the discharge current capacity of MOV. In order to further and accurately analyze SPD’s antithundering capability, it is necessary for researchers to upgrade the measurement of the discharge current capacity of MOV. By studying the attributes of discharge current capacity and introducing the implication of AS Resources, the differences between the maximum discharge current and the discharge current capacity are distinguished. The discharge current capacity of MOV can be better measured by using AS Resource theory. The optimized method can evaluate SPD antithundering capability more accurately.
2016, 44(5):834-840.
Abstract:
In the growing seasons of 2012 to 2013, different forms of nitrogen deposition concentrations were observed in forest throughfall in the southeastern Tibet Plateau. The results show that Total dissolved Nitrogen (TN) deposition concentrations were 8.82 kg〖DK〗·hm-2 and 6.91 kg〖DK〗·hm-2 from May to October in 2012 and 2013, respectively. NO-3N accounts for 16.98%, NH+4N accounts for 53.39% and DON (Dissolved Organic Nitrogen) for 29.63% of TN in the troughfall, respectively, indicating NH+4N had the largest contribution to the wet deposition of nitrogen. For seasonal variability, the TN deposition shows a single peak in the late and middle summer in 2012 and 2013. On the annual scale, the monthly average temperature is positively correlated to TIN (Inorganic Nitrogen) deposition (〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<0.05). Both TN and TIN depositions are positively correlated to accumulative precipitation (〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<0.01). Monthly average temperature and accumulative precipitation can account for 55.2% of the variation of the TN deposition flux in the forest thoughfall.
In the growing seasons of 2012 to 2013, different forms of nitrogen deposition concentrations were observed in forest throughfall in the southeastern Tibet Plateau. The results show that Total dissolved Nitrogen (TN) deposition concentrations were 8.82 kg〖DK〗·hm-2 and 6.91 kg〖DK〗·hm-2 from May to October in 2012 and 2013, respectively. NO-3N accounts for 16.98%, NH+4N accounts for 53.39% and DON (Dissolved Organic Nitrogen) for 29.63% of TN in the troughfall, respectively, indicating NH+4N had the largest contribution to the wet deposition of nitrogen. For seasonal variability, the TN deposition shows a single peak in the late and middle summer in 2012 and 2013. On the annual scale, the monthly average temperature is positively correlated to TIN (Inorganic Nitrogen) deposition (〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<0.05). Both TN and TIN depositions are positively correlated to accumulative precipitation (〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<0.01). Monthly average temperature and accumulative precipitation can account for 55.2% of the variation of the TN deposition flux in the forest thoughfall.
2016, 44(5):841-847.
Abstract:
The variation characteristics of spring starting date and its influence on flowering in Shache of West Xinjiang are analyzed, by use the ground meteorological data from Shache Meteorological Service from 1990 to 2013 and the blooming period observation data of apricot, apple, peach, pear, elaeagnus angustifolia, Amygdalus Communis L from Shache Agricultural Meteorological Station from 1992 to 2013. It is found that the average spring starting date is 21 March, and there occurred an exceptional advance in 2000. The starting date of spring not only is significantly correlated with the average temperature in March and the temperatures of various dekads in March, but also is significantly correlated with the temperatures of the middle January, the late February and the whole year. Fruit trees bloom gradually from March to May. The flowering of apricot (Amygdalus Communis L) is the earliest, pear (peach, apple) the second and oleaster the latest. The interannual differences of flowering durations of apricot, pear, and elaeagnus angustifolia are relatively larger，but all in an increasing trend. The differences in the starting dates of starting flowering, blooming, and late flowing of fruit trees and the date of spring starting are nearly the same. It reveals that the correlation between flowering starting and spring starting dates is the best, and the apricot is the closest. The regression forecasting model of flowering starting dates of fruit trees (apricot, pear, elaeagnus angustifolia) is established by using the partial least square method. The model can well simulate and forecast the flowering starting dates of apricot, pear, and elaeagnus angustifolia through the historical fitting and tests from 2011 to 2013.
The variation characteristics of spring starting date and its influence on flowering in Shache of West Xinjiang are analyzed, by use the ground meteorological data from Shache Meteorological Service from 1990 to 2013 and the blooming period observation data of apricot, apple, peach, pear, elaeagnus angustifolia, Amygdalus Communis L from Shache Agricultural Meteorological Station from 1992 to 2013. It is found that the average spring starting date is 21 March, and there occurred an exceptional advance in 2000. The starting date of spring not only is significantly correlated with the average temperature in March and the temperatures of various dekads in March, but also is significantly correlated with the temperatures of the middle January, the late February and the whole year. Fruit trees bloom gradually from March to May. The flowering of apricot (Amygdalus Communis L) is the earliest, pear (peach, apple) the second and oleaster the latest. The interannual differences of flowering durations of apricot, pear, and elaeagnus angustifolia are relatively larger，but all in an increasing trend. The differences in the starting dates of starting flowering, blooming, and late flowing of fruit trees and the date of spring starting are nearly the same. It reveals that the correlation between flowering starting and spring starting dates is the best, and the apricot is the closest. The regression forecasting model of flowering starting dates of fruit trees (apricot, pear, elaeagnus angustifolia) is established by using the partial least square method. The model can well simulate and forecast the flowering starting dates of apricot, pear, and elaeagnus angustifolia through the historical fitting and tests from 2011 to 2013.
2016, 44(5):848-853.
Abstract:
In order to explore the climate differences in the main sugarcane planting areas of Yunnan, climate types are classified by the hierarchical clustering method，on the basis of the selected indicators from the biological characteristics of sugarcane. The divided six kinds of sugarcane climate types had a clear regional distribution, and the differences between various types of climate characteristics are significant, which are mainly embodied in the indicators such as average sunshine duration from April to October, average rainfall from May to October, average sunshine duration from November to February, and the total temperature difference from September to December. Combined with historical sugarcane yield data, the impact of various types of the main meteorological indicators on yields is analyzed. It is concluded that temperature and light are the main factors affecting the sugarcane yields during the growing season in Yunnan Province, and rainfall is the unlimited factors in the normal year. The average minimum and maximum temperatures from September to December are selected as the classification indicators of affecting sugar content, which makes the results more applicable.
In order to explore the climate differences in the main sugarcane planting areas of Yunnan, climate types are classified by the hierarchical clustering method，on the basis of the selected indicators from the biological characteristics of sugarcane. The divided six kinds of sugarcane climate types had a clear regional distribution, and the differences between various types of climate characteristics are significant, which are mainly embodied in the indicators such as average sunshine duration from April to October, average rainfall from May to October, average sunshine duration from November to February, and the total temperature difference from September to December. Combined with historical sugarcane yield data, the impact of various types of the main meteorological indicators on yields is analyzed. It is concluded that temperature and light are the main factors affecting the sugarcane yields during the growing season in Yunnan Province, and rainfall is the unlimited factors in the normal year. The average minimum and maximum temperatures from September to December are selected as the classification indicators of affecting sugar content, which makes the results more applicable.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.