Abstract:The remote monitoring and fault diagnosis platform of the GNSS/MET monitoring network is designed based on the maintenance and maintenance method of GNSS/MET water vapor monitoring equipment. The platform is designed by B/S mode, which can realize the realtime monitoring of GNSS/MET equipment running state parameters and the automatic diagnosis of equipment faults, and provide the technical support of fault treatment and the management of equipment sites. The platform has been put into operation, provides not only the realtime operation state information of equipment for technicians on duty in both the provincial center and the stations, but also the technical support for rapid troubleshooting, and improves the operation security limitation of the GNSS/MET water vapor monitoring equipment.

Abstract:Compared with centimeterwave radar, the millimeter wave radar has higher sensitivity while detecting nonprecipitating clouds, and thus the developed countries have conducted extensively cloud observation experiments using millimeter wave radar. In China, millimeterwave cloud radar is still at the developing stage due to the difficulty in designing radar system and manufacturing capability. Against this background, the advances in the Wband millimeter wave cloud radar are summarized in respect of the ground radar system, airborne radar system, and spaceborne radar system, and the system principle diagrams and performance parameters are analyzed in terms of antennas, transmitting circuits, receiving circuits and signal processing units. The radar echoes of nonprecipitation cloud detected by 94 GHz Galileo at Chilbolton Observatory are analyzed and the results show that the cloud and frog can be excellently detected, which can provide guidance for the Wband millimeter wave cloud radar design in China.

Abstract:Beijing Fangshan dualpolarization weather radar’s antenna performance, receiver dynamic range, noise factor, system calibration ability and the consistency of receiving dual channels are tested and analyzed. The minimum values of the antenna gain and cross polarization isolation ratio and the standard deviation values of the dual channels’ differential reflectivity 〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗DR and differential transmission phase 〖WTBX〗Φ〖WTBZ〗DP are 4473 dB, 361 dB, 002 dB and 026°, respectively and the maximum average value of the dual channel noise coefficient is 202 dB, which all correspond to the index design of the radar system. The differences of dual channels’ dynamic curve characteristics and the consistency of echo intensity calibration performance will adversely affect the quality of radar system detection data. In addition, the differential reflectivity calibration for the dualpolarization weather radar and an actual detecting precipitation weather case are also analyzed.

Abstract:Weather radar attenuation correction has a great significance in improving the accuracy of quantitative precipitation estimation. By using the new method of microwave links, a radar attenuation correction method based on microwave links is analyzed in this paper. The microwave links can measure the path attenuation directly, by which the constraint can be established, and weather radar echoes can be corrected by the forwarditerative correction algorithm. From the existing theories of attenuation correction, the weather radar attenuation correction model based on the microwave links by determining the microwave link attenuation reference, radar attenuation correction algorithm and attenuation coefficients is proposed. At last a 947 GHz microwave link measurement experiment system is established, and several automatic precipitation stations and a Xband weather radar are used for comparative observation. The results show that the corrected radar reflectivity factors are higher than the uncorrected factors obviously. The discrepancy between the rainfall derived from the corrected radar reflectivity and the rainfall observed by the automatic precipitation station is relatively small; the absolute deviation of precipitation accumulation is within 3 mm; the relative deviation is within 06%. The correlation coefficient is higher than before. The results validated the feasibility and accuracy of the above method. Using the microwave links on weather radar attenuation correction can effectively adjust the relationship between K and Z.

Abstract:The Fengyun3 rain measurement (FY3 RM) satellite will be used to observe strong precipitation like typhoon and so on, and also to observe other precipitation over the low and medium latitude areas. The accurate 3dimension structure of the precipitation will be achieved by its core payload, the dualfrequency precipitation measurement radar (PMR). The main performance characteristics of PMR for the application including the range resolution, horizontal resolution, scan angle, antenna sidelobe, measurement accuracy and beam matching accuracy are analyzed by simulation. The analysis results show that the PMR has the same precipitation measuring capability as the Global Precipitation Measurement dualfrequency precipitation radar. In order to validate the function of PMR, some flight experiments were carried out by its airborne proto in 2010The capability of detecting precipitation of the protoradar is analyzed using the data achieved during the experiments, and the functions and the main performance characteristics of PMR are also validated.

Abstract:In order to detect the atmospheric boundary layer structure more accurately, this paper introduces a new boundary layer sounding system. In order to verify the accuracy of the device and its overall performance, we conducted the ball comparison test between the instrument and the Vaisala RS92 radiosonde. The results show that the average deviation of the corrected temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction is only 035 ℃, 020 hPa, 117%, 016 m/s and -127°, and the error range of each parameter satisfies the operational specification.With the Lband sounding system and the XLSIItype retreat boat sounding system, comparative tests were conducted in the summer and winter of 2016, respectively. The results show that the accuracy and reliability of the instrument can meet the needs of scientific research and services. In addition, the system can well reflect the characteristics of the boundary layer structure and can be used as a comparative test instrument for the accuracy of wind profile radar.

Abstract:In order to improve the automation level of automatic weather station testing work and simplify the adjustment of the PTB220 barometer, the working principles of PTB220 are analyzed. By using the parts of the 3MS system hardware, the automatic adjustment function of indication errors is realized based on the automatic response technology of serial communication. In this paper, the principles and operation flow of digital quantity and analog quantity adjustments are expatiated in detail. The configuration of the serial communication parameter and the example of source codes are given for example and the feasibility of the system design is verified by actual operation

Abstract:In order to adapt to the development of agrometeorological modernization and the change of observation mode from manual observation to automatic observation, an automatic agrometeorological observation system based on AM335X is designed. The system is based on the Ubuntu embedded development platform, and is designed from two aspects of hardware and software. The hardware part selects the CortexA8 core industrial control MCU, which is applied to the image information processing of agricultural observation elements, and uses the modular structure to enhance the hierarchical standards of hardware design. In the software part, the Thread multithread communication mechanism is used to build the C++ dynamic link library, and the FTP upload software WinSCP based on the SSH security protocol is used as the interaction tool between the test system and the PC. Based on the SecureCRT software simulation environment, considering the state of the output format, the simulation status debugging and FTP server outputting and uploading tests for the state file information and image file information of the observation system are carried out. The results show that the system can automatically conduct the collection and data uploading of crop element observations and realtime growth images and provide a technical reference for the application and popularization of the future agriculture meteorological observation automation.

Abstract:For solve the problems of large volume, high cost, complex operation and other issues of the current electric field detectors, a miniaturization atmospheric electric field monitor system is developed. The system uses a capacitance as a sensor sensing unit, a twophase fourwire stepper motor as a sensor detects unit, and STC12LE2052AD SCM (Single Chip Microcomputer) with a builtin A/D converter to collect data; in this way, the circuit is simplified. Combining the Bluetooth module and the data acquisition system can realize the realtime display function, and the data can be seen in the host computer. The hardware circuit includes the amplification filter circuit, A/D convert circuit, and data acquisition and processing circuit. By MATLAB simulation and C language programming, the experimental results show that the system can meet the requirements of actual measurements, with the measuring error less than 4%.

Abstract:Targeting observation is an observation strategy which can efficiently and effectively improve the quality of observations. Identification of sensitive regions is a key point in targeting observations. Three typical methods including Singular Vectors (SVs), Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF), and the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation (CNOP) are applied in the Lorenz96 model in this paper. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the reason why the ETKF method’s efficiency is unstable is discussed. The results show: For forecast time within 312 hours, the CNOP method’s forecast accuracy promotions are the highest among three methods, and its sensitive regions are small. While the SVs method has good results in the 72hour forecast, but sharply descends after that, and generally invalid after 120 hours. The ETKF method is not as good as other methods in the 72 hour forecast; moreover, though the comparison to the randomly selected sensitive regions, due to the serial observation processing is used, which ignores the relation with observation data, the ETKF method cannot successfully find the sensitive regions, which has the maximum covariance of signals and so its promotions to forecast accuracy is limited. It indicates how to search sensitive regions optimally is the key to promote the efficiency of the ETKF method.

Abstract:In order to meet the high quality requirements of the production and running of the cascade water conservancy hub project on the upper Yangtze River, the Error Analysis and Correction System of Numerical Forecast Products of the Upper Yangtze River Basin is researched and developed. The system implements the function of statistical analysis and comparison of numerical forecast products’ errors including T639, ECWMF, and Japan models. The objective correction numerical products of prediction and feature field forecast can be automatically generated through the system, as well as the output of the refined numerical forecast products of precipitation for the upper Yangtze River by using the graphical subjective correction platform of forecast products. The system provides support to the weather forecast service with high precision for the comprehensive and effective using of various forecasting products. The system has been put into operation in the Three Gorges Cascade Dispatching Communication Center and performed satisfactorily in the recent heavy rain forecasting service, which runs steadily, is convenient to operate, and has good correction effect.

Abstract:Based on the daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature at 14 meteorological stations in Shandong province from 1971 to 2013, six extreme temperature indexes are calculated. The methods of the linear trend rate, MK mutation, EEMD, inverse distance weight interpolation, and correlation analysis are used to study the characteristics of temporal and spatial variations of the extreme temperature events over Shandong Province and its relationship with the change of the Western Pacific Subtropical High circulation. The results show that, (1) the size and direction of the trend of cold and warm indexes show obvious asymmetry. Warm indexes show obvious increasing trend, while cold indexes show obvious decreasing trend. The cold and warm indexes show an interannual scale fluctuation of quasi20 years and 5 to 7 years, as well as the interdecadal scale fluctuation of quasi10 to 15 years and 20 to 28 years. (2) The warm (cold) indexes show a consistent increasing (decreasing) trend over the study area. The variation trend of the eastern and central region is larger and that of the western region is smaller on the whole, except in the high temperature days. (3) The abrupt changes of extreme temperature indexes and temperature have good synchronicity, both in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, which suggests that the change of extreme temperature index is closely linked to regional warming. (4) The changes of the extreme temperature events (with the exception of high temperature days) are deeply affected by the changes of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, especially the western end of the ridge, strength and area index.

Abstract:Based on the daily temperature records of 76 stations in Hunan province from 1961 to 2014, the four seasons’ statuses including their start dates, lasting period etc., analyzed in line with the industry standards of meteorology. Their variations are also studied through the statistic methods such as wavelet analysis, climatic trend analysis and so on. The results show that the start dates of spring and summer changed clearly with the latitudes, which delayed from south to north in spring and from southeast to northwest in summer; the average numbers of days in each of four seasons in Hunan were 77 (spring), 138 (summer), 66 (autumn) and 85 (winter), respectively. Over the years, the tendency rate of summer duration change was 277 days per 10 years, with the consistency increased. There were two highvalue centers in the north and south. The winter tendency rate was -293 days per 10 years and the consistency reduced, with the low altitude areas reduced more obviously. From the 1960s to the 2010s, the interdecadal fluctuation of summer duration was most obvious, and after the 1970s, the number of summer days increased continuously. The number of winter days decreased sharply since the 1990s, and the trend continued.

Abstract:Based on the meteorological observation data of visibilty, relative humidity, and precipitation from expressway automatic weather observation stations in Anhui from 2011 to 2015, the annual distrbution and diurnal variation characteristics in each seasons of low visibility in Anhui are analyzed. Results show that the low visibility events occur in October and November mostly except those happened between May and September in the mountain areas such as the Dabie Mountains and the southern mountainous areas of Anhui. The low visibilty events have remarkable diurnal variation with the frequency at night being much higher. The low visibilty events begin to increase at 19:00, reach a highest point before sunrise, then decrease rapidly. The low visibility events in summer in 〖JP2〗the afternoon are related to heavy rainfall. Seasonal differences exist in time and frequency of the low visibility: occurring mostly around sunrise in spring and autumn while at night before sunrise in winter; occurring before the sunrise in the nothern Anhuit, and no significant differences in the frequence during a day in the southern Anhui in summer.〖JP〗

Abstract:Taking Fujian Province as the example，the paper focuses on the phenomena of more frequent floods caused by the rainfall during the transitional periods of summer and winter over recent years. Those periods are climatically scarce of rainfall in normal cases. The developing features of precipitation intensity in the past 55 years are analyzed, adopting the composite method so as to explore the connections between the main circulation system of East Asian Monsoon, its regional vapor, convective conditions, and the precipitation intensity during the transitional periods of autumn and winter in Fujian Province. The results show that (1) Both the rainstorm frequency and the precipitation intensity were on an increase, with an abrupt change of precipitation intensity around the year 2010(2) The year with strong (weak) precipitation intensity was featured of a westward (eastward) and stronger (weaker) subtropical high, and the East Asian highaltitude circulation was relatively straight (big meridional variation). Meanwhile, the East Asian Winter Monsoon was weaker (stronger), and the main part of cold air was northward (southward), which is helpful (unhelpful) to the convergence of cold and warm air streams in Fujian. (3) In the year with strong (weak) precipitation intensity, the SW (NE) vapor transportation over Fujian was obviously enhanced, also with the vertical upward movement strengthened (weakened), indicating that the water vapor transportation and convections conditions are both helpful (unhelpful) to the occurrence of heavy rain.

Abstract:Lband wind profile radar data is used to analyze the mechanisms of persistent fog and haze process in Beijing from 7 to 10 October 2014The results show that the lowlevel southerly wind has a significant influence on the maintenance and development of fog and haze. The southerlies with velocity greater than 8 m/s can improve atmospheric diffusion, and inhibit the increase of PM25 concentration. The altitude to which midlow level weak cold turbulence can reach determines its impact on pollutant concentration. When the turbulence cannot reach the surface layer, the impact on pollutant concentration is rather weak. During the maintenance of fog and haze, the intensity of surface SNR (Signal Noise Rate) is usually 10 to 35 dB, which can reflect the thickness of the fog and haze layer to a certain extent. The structural parameter of turbulence reflectivity can be used to describe the diurnal variation of the atmospheric boundary layer, which can increase by about 3 orders of magnitude in daytime than nighttime due to the thermal turbulence and scattering effect of pollutant particles.

Abstract:Using the data of the Lightning Location System (LLS) over Hubei Province, through the analysis of the distribution characteristics of CG (CloudtoGround) flash Location in 2015, it is found that the layout of the detection station has influence on the spatial distribution of lightning. Using the grid CG flash density data to characterize the spatial distribution of the CG flashes and the station distance factor to characterize the detection station layout, the study shows that there exists negative correlation between density and factor, significant correlation between the density of the component and the factor for the lightning current amplitude of 5 to 30 kA, and insignificant correlation for the >30 kA the density of the component. So it is necessary to revise the density to eliminate the influence of the station layout. In this paper, the relative detection efficiency is defined as the ratio of the densities before and after the revision in percentage, setting the station distance factor as the minimum value that corresponds to the grid relative detection efficiency of 100%. On the basis of the theory of the linear regression method and its residual, the revision model of the grid CG flash density and the statistical model of relative detection efficiency are established. The consistency of the results of the density segment and the nonsegmented revision is verified. Through the contrastive analysis of the theoretical detection efficiency and relative detection efficiency, the revision and statistical methods and the feasibility of relative detection efficiency are also verified.

Abstract:As healthful ecological resources, negative air ions are more and more concerned along with the booming of ecotourism. This paper focuses on the research progresses in the negative air ion concentration distribution characteristics and its correlation with meteorological elements in mountain tourist areas for recent decades in China. The results of many researches show that the distribution of negative air ions in mountain tourist areas has obvious daily and seasonal variations, and its spatial variation also has certain regularity. The distribution changes of negative air ion concentration have greater relevance with meteorological factors such as wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, weather phenomena, etc. However, due to the differences in the monitoring data sources, observations time, sample size, etc., the conclusions on negative air ion concentration distribution characteristics and its correlation with the meteorological factors are not consistent. The negative air ion monitoring equipment should be gradually standardized in order to ensure the reliability of monitoring data in the future, while taking advantage of the years’ continuous observations to carry the study of correlation between negative air ions and meteorological factors, which can provide a theoretical basis for negative air ion concentration forecasts.

Abstract:This research uses the annual climate tendency rate and the linear trend method to analyze the characteristics of agroclimate resources over Sichuan Province and the growth period change of main crops in recent years. The results show that the beginning date of 10 ℃ advanced, the ending date of 10 ℃ postponed, and the accumulated temperature above 10 ℃ increased in most parts of Sichuan Province from 1961 to 2014Under this background, the seedling stages of maize and rice showed an advanced trend, with the rate being 66 days per 10 years and 35 days per 10 years; the mature period of maize has no obvious change in trend and the rice showed a postponed maturity period with the change rate being 24 days per 10 years; the growth periods of maize and rice both lengthened at different levels. The seedling stage of winter wheat had no obvious change; the mature period showed an advance trend, with the rate being 27 days per 10 years; the growth period significantly shortened, with the rate being 49 days per 10 years. In general, the increase of the accumulated temperature and the prolonged growth period provide necessary conditions for the crop varieties with a long growth period. Through the varieties selection and sowing date adjustment, we can sufficiently make use of the resource advantages to increase the crop yields.

Abstract:It is extremely difficult to obtain the amount of catalyst in artificial rain dispersal. This paper is trying to estimate the amount of catalyst in artificial rain dispersal from another method, that is, by calculating the liquid water from echoes below-5 ℃ detected by weather radar， and dividing the liquid water into a number of small diameter raindrops (such as raindrops with a diameter of 100 μm), then the maximum and minimum doses of AgI needed in artificial rain dispersal can be gained. Based on the algorithm above, the rain dispersal operation command system of the CINRAD/SA Doppler Weather Radar in the south suburbs of Beijing is developed, which can give the maximum and minimum AgI doses in each grid of the radar detection area with a radius of 230 km，and providing the reference amount of catalyst when carrying out rain suppression.

Abstract:According to the specific geographic conditions of the cement concrete seawall, there is not much experiences currently for reference about how to install the necessary equipment for the lightning protection of the ground wave radar systems installed on the seawall. Appying the basic principles of the equipment lightning protection technology system, referring to the relevant technical specifications of lightning protection, through theoretical research, combined with the characteristics of the ground wave radar and the repeated tests, as well as the local conditions, the lightning protection engineering project of the ground wave radar is designed and implemented. After more than two years of continuous operation, the radar worked satisfactorily.

Abstract:The photovoltaic power generation system is a kind of clean, safe, convenient and efficient power generation industry. In recent years, as one of water photovoltaic power generation systems, the “fishingphotovoltaic complementation” has a significant development, which solves the problem of the scarce traditional photovoltaic power station construction land resources and improves the efficiency of the comprehensive land utilization. In order to prevent and reduce the equipment damage and personal injury of the water photovoltaic power generation system caused by lightning to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the photovoltaic power generation systems, by analyzing the lightning environmental characteristics and its damage where the project is located, combining with the layout form and structure characteristics of the water photovoltaic power generation systems, a comprehensive lightning protection scheme is put forward, which uses an external lightning protection system composed of the airtermination system, downconductor system, and earthtermination system to prevent the direct lightning flash damage, and comprehensively uses the equipotential bonding and common earthing system, electromagnetic shielding, and wiring reasonably, installing surge protective devices (SPDs), and so on to effectively reduce the damage of the electrical and electronic systems in the photovoltaic power generation systems caused by lightning overvoltages and lightning electromagnetic impulses.

Abstract:By exerting the 10/350 μs current shock wave to class Ⅱ test SPDs, which have different nominal discharge currents, by using impulse current generator to observe the relation of the classⅡtest SPD’s nominal discharge current and impulse current, the feasibility of class Ⅱ test SPD discharging impulse current is studied. The experiment shows that in the experiment, four different models of the class Ⅱ test SPDs can pass the impulse current of 0075, 0075, 01, 0125 times of the nominal discharge current, and the average theoretical deviation is-625%, which is consistent with the theoretical research; it is feasible to use the class Ⅱtest SPD to discharge the impulse current, but there is big difference between different brands and models for the ratio of the impulse current to the nominal discharge current. Due to the limitations of the actual products in the market, in practice, the use of the class Ⅱ test SPD instead of the class Ⅰ test SPD as the first stage of SPD is feasible.

Abstract:Based on the surface observation wind field datasets at 34 stations over the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 2008 to 2010 in spring, the CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) reanalysis datasets of the 10 m wind field are analyzed and evaluated. Results show that the mean errors and mean absolute error of hourly wind speed of CFSR are mostly around 1 to 2 m/s; the mean error is around -1 to -3 m/s for the wind force above 6; at A platform, Chengshantou and Xiliandao sites, it is around -3 to -4 m/s. The mean error of daily wind speed is between -2 to 2 m/s and the maximum is -3 m/s at Chengshantou site. For the wind over force 6, the mean error is usually below -4 m/s, but is about -47 m/s at the Xiliandao site. The evaluation values of CFSR are much smaller for the stations closer to the sea and the wind force above 6; moreover, the error of daily wind speed is larger than that of hourly wind speed by 1 m/s. The stations with wind over force 7 caused by the northern cyclone are the most, and the mean error is mostly between -4 and -5 m/s. When the synoptic systems are the southern cyclone and lowtrough cold front, the mean error is above -5 m/s at Chengshantou and Xiliandao station. The evaluation of CFSR is generally accurate for the frequency and its direction of the northwest and north wind produced by various synoptic systems and south wind produced by the northern cyclone and the weather pattern of “high in the east and low in the west,” but it is slightly worse for the northeast and east wind caused by the southern cyclone.

Abstract:The data of 65083 cases of upper respiratory tract infection from January 2010 to December 2015 in the No.1 people〖DK〗s Hospital of Jining, Shandong and the data of the meteorological data of the same period are analyzed, and the relationship between upper respiratory tract infection and meteorological factors is studied. According to the actual number of upper respiratory infections, the fullyear is divided into 6 time periods.The meteorological factors with high correlation with upper respiratory tract infection are different in various periods. The stepwise regression analysis method is used to establish the grades forecast equation of upper respiratory tract infection in 6 time periods, and the criteria for classification of forecast grades are determined. The forecast equation is verified with the back substitution method, and the prediction results show that the forecast equation is more accurate for the number of patients with upper respiratory tract infection.

Abstract:The current maintenance support situation of the newgeneration weather radar in China at present is introduced. The radar fault diagnose system is used to assist and replace the traditional radar fault diagnose means, which can shorten the time for maintaining radar faults, standardize the radar maintenance means, and improve the efficiency of radar maintaining. Taking the CINRAD/SA weather radar as an example, through a detailed study of the CINRAD/SA weather radar system, in combination with the radar fault location function, the collection method of radar fault messages is determined. About 70 relatively complete cases of CINRAD/SA radar fault maintenance from 2002 to 2014 are collected and analyzed. Based on the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), the radar fault tree is developed. The radar transmitter is taken as an example to make the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fault tree, and the initial data are obtained. Based on the analysis, the CINRAD/SA Weather Radar Fault Diagnosis System is developed, which provides guidance for radar fault diagnosis.

Abstract:The portable platform for radar field test and diagnosis is a new technical support platform consisting of the radar system equipment performance parameter testing, fault diagnosis, and maintenance support. The instrument integration, comprehensive detection of streamline, the development of application software and supporting tooling make the platform have capability of solving the problem such as lacking of test maintenance and diagnosis methods, reliance on manufacturers, the weak remote test and diagnosis guidance technology, the simple instruments equipped in stations, and so on. The portable platform has great significance to radar fault detection, test and analysis, maintenance, and guidance, which can give convenience to radar field test, maintenance, fault diagnosis, and rapid system recovery.

Abstract:This paper discusses about building the provincial cloud resource management platform based on OpenStack. By integrating the provincial hardware resources, the equipment such as servers and storage and network switching devices are unified and managed through resource pooling. Based on this idea, the formal provincial virtual systems and soft/hardware resources can be managed by the unified platform. After the platform is put to use, the effective utilization rate of resources can increase significantly, which provides hardware resources services to the relevant departments with dynamic, flexibility, and recyclability. With connection to the provincial virtual systems, the platform can quickly deploy the delivery system according to the needs of operation, greatly improve the meteorological service and support capabilities and enhance the capability of system operation. The completion and application of this platform leads, demonstrates, serves and explores the provincial cloud computing research and of great significance to the provincial informatization construction.