Volume 53,Issue 1,2025 Table of Contents
2025, 53(1):1-9.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240060
Abstract:
The construction of automatic weather stations in encrypted areas and the arrangement of observation equipment at key flood control monitoring points enable real-time meteorological observation data at the minute level in the national and provincial data environments in real-time, and are widely used in the services of real monitoring, forecasting and early warning, realising the effective connection between observation and application. However, due to the fact that most regional automatic weather stations are deployed in the field, the imperfect observation environment leads to a high failure rate of the stations, which restricts the business application of observation data. Especially at the key time points of flood control, the abnormal network communication causes the meteorological monitoring data collected by these regional automatic weather stations to be unable to transmit normally, which impacts the deployment decision of flood control and disaster reduction. At present, the conventional meteorological observation station equipment data communication protocols are developed based on UDP and TCP, and the operation of these communication protocols is not ideal under the unstable network environment. According to statistics, the data communication failures of meteorological stations caused by the instability of wireless networks in the observation environment account for more than 90% of the total failures of conventional meteorological observation stations. Therefore, based on the Internet of Things message queue telemetry transmission protocol (MQTT), a data transmission protocol of regional automatic weather stations that can adapt to the unstable wireless network is designed, and the network disconnection and reconnection mechanism is designed. The communication module can respond to the unstable 4G/5G network in time. At the same time, the data packet can be uniformly processed, and a variety of data compression technologies are combined to reduce invalid data transmission, reduce network resource consumption, and reduce the size of uploaded data packets. The embedded programming technology is used to implement the communication protocol and data compression in the data communication module, and realise the data communication based on MQTT at the station end. To solve the problem that there are many faults in data transmission of regional automatic weather stations due to the instability of wireless networks in towns, mountains and other areas, achieve low network overhead and low network dependence in data transmission of conventional meteorological observation stations, increase the status monitoring transmission protocol, achieve the acquisition of multiple status data of equipment, and finally realise the real-time monitoring of equipment and intelligent fault identification. Through business use, it has a very positive effect on the long-term stable operation of the regional automatic weather station system using a solar power supply system, and greatly improves the data transmission speed and transmission quality of regional automatic weather stations.
The construction of automatic weather stations in encrypted areas and the arrangement of observation equipment at key flood control monitoring points enable real-time meteorological observation data at the minute level in the national and provincial data environments in real-time, and are widely used in the services of real monitoring, forecasting and early warning, realising the effective connection between observation and application. However, due to the fact that most regional automatic weather stations are deployed in the field, the imperfect observation environment leads to a high failure rate of the stations, which restricts the business application of observation data. Especially at the key time points of flood control, the abnormal network communication causes the meteorological monitoring data collected by these regional automatic weather stations to be unable to transmit normally, which impacts the deployment decision of flood control and disaster reduction. At present, the conventional meteorological observation station equipment data communication protocols are developed based on UDP and TCP, and the operation of these communication protocols is not ideal under the unstable network environment. According to statistics, the data communication failures of meteorological stations caused by the instability of wireless networks in the observation environment account for more than 90% of the total failures of conventional meteorological observation stations. Therefore, based on the Internet of Things message queue telemetry transmission protocol (MQTT), a data transmission protocol of regional automatic weather stations that can adapt to the unstable wireless network is designed, and the network disconnection and reconnection mechanism is designed. The communication module can respond to the unstable 4G/5G network in time. At the same time, the data packet can be uniformly processed, and a variety of data compression technologies are combined to reduce invalid data transmission, reduce network resource consumption, and reduce the size of uploaded data packets. The embedded programming technology is used to implement the communication protocol and data compression in the data communication module, and realise the data communication based on MQTT at the station end. To solve the problem that there are many faults in data transmission of regional automatic weather stations due to the instability of wireless networks in towns, mountains and other areas, achieve low network overhead and low network dependence in data transmission of conventional meteorological observation stations, increase the status monitoring transmission protocol, achieve the acquisition of multiple status data of equipment, and finally realise the real-time monitoring of equipment and intelligent fault identification. Through business use, it has a very positive effect on the long-term stable operation of the regional automatic weather station system using a solar power supply system, and greatly improves the data transmission speed and transmission quality of regional automatic weather stations.
2025, 53(1):10-21.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20230434
Abstract:
The time step is a critical parameter for the stable operation of numerical weather models. To achieve stable model operation and ensure efficiency, an adaptive time step scheme is designed based on the characteristics of the time integration scheme of the CMA-MESO 3 km model. This scheme relies on the model’s maximum Courant number and proposes two methods: the target aiming method and the top trimming method, depending on the adjustment approach. (1) Target aiming method: after adjusting the model’s time step, the maximum Courant number in the model approaches a given target value throughout the entire integration process. (2) Top trimming method: after adjusting the model’s time step, the maximum Courant number in the model does not exceed a given target value throughout the entire integration process. In order to implement the adaptive time step scheme in the CMA-MESO 3 km model, time control technology suitable for the CMA-MESO 3 km model is developed, including time control for the integration process, time processing for input/output, and time interpolation handling. Two types of experiments, namely case experiments and batch experiments, are designed to verify the application performance of the scheme in the CMA-MESO 3 km model. The individual case experimental results show that when the target aiming method is employed, the maximum Courant number in the model fluctuates around the target value, enhancing model stability. As the target Courant number decreases, the model becomes more stable, but the total number of integration steps and the total integration time increase. When using the top trimming method, adjustments to reduce the time step are only made when the maximum Courant number in the model exceeds the target value, keeping the maximum Courant number close to the target. When the Courant number is below this target value, if the model’s time step has been previously adjusted, the time integration step is gradually restored to the initial time step; otherwise, the model’s time step remains unchanged. The results of batch experiments indicate that the adaptive time step scheme of both methods can effectively avoid the situation of model integral overflow and significantly improve the stability of model integration. The impact of the scheme on the simulation results of model precipitation and geopotential height fields is relatively small. For a 3 km resolution model, when the target Courant number is set at approximately 1.2, the top trimming method is more suitable for operational use than the target aiming method. This scheme not only ensures the stable operation of the CMA-MESO 3 km model but also allows a larger integral time step, thereby enhancing the operational efficiency of the model. Currently, the adaptive time step is implemented in operational applications.
The time step is a critical parameter for the stable operation of numerical weather models. To achieve stable model operation and ensure efficiency, an adaptive time step scheme is designed based on the characteristics of the time integration scheme of the CMA-MESO 3 km model. This scheme relies on the model’s maximum Courant number and proposes two methods: the target aiming method and the top trimming method, depending on the adjustment approach. (1) Target aiming method: after adjusting the model’s time step, the maximum Courant number in the model approaches a given target value throughout the entire integration process. (2) Top trimming method: after adjusting the model’s time step, the maximum Courant number in the model does not exceed a given target value throughout the entire integration process. In order to implement the adaptive time step scheme in the CMA-MESO 3 km model, time control technology suitable for the CMA-MESO 3 km model is developed, including time control for the integration process, time processing for input/output, and time interpolation handling. Two types of experiments, namely case experiments and batch experiments, are designed to verify the application performance of the scheme in the CMA-MESO 3 km model. The individual case experimental results show that when the target aiming method is employed, the maximum Courant number in the model fluctuates around the target value, enhancing model stability. As the target Courant number decreases, the model becomes more stable, but the total number of integration steps and the total integration time increase. When using the top trimming method, adjustments to reduce the time step are only made when the maximum Courant number in the model exceeds the target value, keeping the maximum Courant number close to the target. When the Courant number is below this target value, if the model’s time step has been previously adjusted, the time integration step is gradually restored to the initial time step; otherwise, the model’s time step remains unchanged. The results of batch experiments indicate that the adaptive time step scheme of both methods can effectively avoid the situation of model integral overflow and significantly improve the stability of model integration. The impact of the scheme on the simulation results of model precipitation and geopotential height fields is relatively small. For a 3 km resolution model, when the target Courant number is set at approximately 1.2, the top trimming method is more suitable for operational use than the target aiming method. This scheme not only ensures the stable operation of the CMA-MESO 3 km model but also allows a larger integral time step, thereby enhancing the operational efficiency of the model. Currently, the adaptive time step is implemented in operational applications.
2025, 53(1):22-34.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240123
Abstract:
Wind forecasting is an important support for intelligent grid prediction data. Improving the accuracy of wind forecasting provides the core guarantee for wind energy and weather forecasting. Based on a comprehensive assessment of hourly 10 m wind forecasting capabilities of CMA-MESO 3 km (China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model at 3 km resolution) during the flooding season of 2023 in the Shanxi region, we conduct objective correction experiments based on regional and temporal differences in forecast effect, with a focus on improving the plan to address the differences in wind speed forecasting for different intensities. Objective correction of zonal wind (U) and meridional wind (V) components is carried out by applying an adaptive Kalman filtering scheme, and the correction results are also analysed in detail. The results show that: (1) The forecast errors of wind speed and wind direction occur clearly with a characteristic of diurnal variation, with one peak occurring during 18:00-20:00. Wind speed with positive forecast errors is mainly located in Xinding Basin, Taiyuan Basin, and southwest Shanxi. (2) The forecast errors of U and V (components of wind) are positively correlated with the forecast values. It is necessary to consider the temporal variation characteristics of the error in predicting wind speeds with different intensities, in order to avoid insufficient or excessive correction. (3) The correction of Kalman filtering (KM) is small and unstable, with the revised RMSE reduced by less than 6% and accuracy improved by less than 2%. (4) CBKM (Classification-based Kalman filtering method) based on dynamic classification improvement breaks the bottleneck of KM. Systematic errors are more accurately estimated and effectively corrected by CBKM. The diurnal variation characteristics of wind speed in different regions are reproduced better, and the forecast accuracy of wind direction and wind speed is improved by 8.29% and 7.92% respectively. ME tends to zero, RMSE has been slashed by 32.8%, and the correction rate of peak time is 83.49%. The forecasting capability of CMA-MESO 3 km 10 m wind is systematically evaluated to enhance objective understanding. We evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of forecast errors, and an objective correction scheme of 10 m wind adapted to the regional characteristics of Shanxi is established. Through the above-mentioned work, we promote the application of domestic numerical model forecasting products in local refined forecasting services and provide a reference for further development of wind power forecasting services.
Wind forecasting is an important support for intelligent grid prediction data. Improving the accuracy of wind forecasting provides the core guarantee for wind energy and weather forecasting. Based on a comprehensive assessment of hourly 10 m wind forecasting capabilities of CMA-MESO 3 km (China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model at 3 km resolution) during the flooding season of 2023 in the Shanxi region, we conduct objective correction experiments based on regional and temporal differences in forecast effect, with a focus on improving the plan to address the differences in wind speed forecasting for different intensities. Objective correction of zonal wind (U) and meridional wind (V) components is carried out by applying an adaptive Kalman filtering scheme, and the correction results are also analysed in detail. The results show that: (1) The forecast errors of wind speed and wind direction occur clearly with a characteristic of diurnal variation, with one peak occurring during 18:00-20:00. Wind speed with positive forecast errors is mainly located in Xinding Basin, Taiyuan Basin, and southwest Shanxi. (2) The forecast errors of U and V (components of wind) are positively correlated with the forecast values. It is necessary to consider the temporal variation characteristics of the error in predicting wind speeds with different intensities, in order to avoid insufficient or excessive correction. (3) The correction of Kalman filtering (KM) is small and unstable, with the revised RMSE reduced by less than 6% and accuracy improved by less than 2%. (4) CBKM (Classification-based Kalman filtering method) based on dynamic classification improvement breaks the bottleneck of KM. Systematic errors are more accurately estimated and effectively corrected by CBKM. The diurnal variation characteristics of wind speed in different regions are reproduced better, and the forecast accuracy of wind direction and wind speed is improved by 8.29% and 7.92% respectively. ME tends to zero, RMSE has been slashed by 32.8%, and the correction rate of peak time is 83.49%. The forecasting capability of CMA-MESO 3 km 10 m wind is systematically evaluated to enhance objective understanding. We evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of forecast errors, and an objective correction scheme of 10 m wind adapted to the regional characteristics of Shanxi is established. Through the above-mentioned work, we promote the application of domestic numerical model forecasting products in local refined forecasting services and provide a reference for further development of wind power forecasting services.
2025, 53(1):35-46.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240042
Abstract:
In order to clarify the heterogeneous characteristics of urban wind and thermal environments of different subsurface types, this paper analyses the characteristic differences of different subsurfaces on the local wind field and air temperature of urban blocks based on the method named Local Climate Zone by using the miniature intelligent meteorological station in Haidian District, Beijing, and the wind profile radar high-altitude wind observation data in the same region. The results show that: (1) The average wind speed of the six types of sites decreases with the increase of the roughness of the subsurface. The urban sites integrate urban buildings, green areas, water bodies and other environments to buffer sudden changes in local wind speeds compared to the sites adjacent to mountains. The larger the ratio of building footprints around the site, the smaller the sky openness, and the higher the ratio of impervious surfaces, the more significant the blocking effect of the environment on low-level wind speeds over the site. The wind speed obstruction effect is significant and the intensity of obstruction is highest for the LCZ 3. Low building density or building distribution parallel to the prevailing wind direction contributes to low-level winds. (2) During the daytime in all seasons, the temperature of LCZ 3 and LCZ 2 is higher, which highlights the influence of the local heat island effect on the increase of temperature; the average temperature of LCZ 4 near the water environment has a significant temperature increase effect during the nighttime in the spring, summer, and autumn, and the greater the area of the water body, the more significant the increase in temperature. At night in autumn and winter, the heat storage and exotherm of the impermeable subsurface of LCZ 6 exacerbate the local heat build-up and inhibit the cooling trend. Using LCZ 8 as a reference, LCZ A causes localised cooling averaging 1.5 ℃, with the largest temperature deviation of more than 2 ℃ from 19:00 to 01:00 the following day. The average daily difference in temperature is 10 ℃ in LCZ 3, highlighting the interaction between the local urban heat island warming effect and the park cold island cooling effect, with the heat island significantly stronger than the cold island during the day, and the cold island cooling dominating at night. The research results of this paper provide a research basis for subsequent mega-city planning and climate environment assessment.
In order to clarify the heterogeneous characteristics of urban wind and thermal environments of different subsurface types, this paper analyses the characteristic differences of different subsurfaces on the local wind field and air temperature of urban blocks based on the method named Local Climate Zone by using the miniature intelligent meteorological station in Haidian District, Beijing, and the wind profile radar high-altitude wind observation data in the same region. The results show that: (1) The average wind speed of the six types of sites decreases with the increase of the roughness of the subsurface. The urban sites integrate urban buildings, green areas, water bodies and other environments to buffer sudden changes in local wind speeds compared to the sites adjacent to mountains. The larger the ratio of building footprints around the site, the smaller the sky openness, and the higher the ratio of impervious surfaces, the more significant the blocking effect of the environment on low-level wind speeds over the site. The wind speed obstruction effect is significant and the intensity of obstruction is highest for the LCZ 3. Low building density or building distribution parallel to the prevailing wind direction contributes to low-level winds. (2) During the daytime in all seasons, the temperature of LCZ 3 and LCZ 2 is higher, which highlights the influence of the local heat island effect on the increase of temperature; the average temperature of LCZ 4 near the water environment has a significant temperature increase effect during the nighttime in the spring, summer, and autumn, and the greater the area of the water body, the more significant the increase in temperature. At night in autumn and winter, the heat storage and exotherm of the impermeable subsurface of LCZ 6 exacerbate the local heat build-up and inhibit the cooling trend. Using LCZ 8 as a reference, LCZ A causes localised cooling averaging 1.5 ℃, with the largest temperature deviation of more than 2 ℃ from 19:00 to 01:00 the following day. The average daily difference in temperature is 10 ℃ in LCZ 3, highlighting the interaction between the local urban heat island warming effect and the park cold island cooling effect, with the heat island significantly stronger than the cold island during the day, and the cold island cooling dominating at night. The research results of this paper provide a research basis for subsequent mega-city planning and climate environment assessment.
2025, 53(1):47-60.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240105
Abstract:
The rainstorms caused by typhoons are one of the major disasters in China. The raindrop spectrum is the basic microphysical characteristic of precipitation. With the deployment of a large number of precipitation phenomena instruments, the observation and analysis of the raindrop spectrum has become an important way to study the physical characteristics of cloud precipitation. By analysing the raindrop spectrum characteristics of typhoons, the physical process and internal mechanism of cloud precipitation can be deeply explored. In order to analyse the variations in raindrop size distribution (DSD) and integrated parameters of typhoons with similar movement paths under the same geographical conditions, this study examines the heavy rainfall events triggered by typhoons “Yagi” (1814) and “In-Fa” (2106) when they first enter southern Shandong at the Taierzhuang National Meteorological Observatory. Utilising precipitation measurement instruments, automatic meteorological station data, and tropical meteorological best track datasets during the influence periods of the two typhoons, the Gamma distribution parameters, N0 (intercept parameter), μ (shape factor), and λ (slope parameter), as well as the normalised function parameters, Nw (normalised intercept parameter), Dm (mass-weighted mean diameter), NT (raindrop concentration), R (rain rate), and Z (radar reflectivity factor), are computed using the moment method. The relationships and correlations among these parameters are analysed. The results indicate that: (1) Both typhoons exhibit an unimodal raindrop size distribution with concentrations of medium and small raindrops as the main components. For “Yagi,” the increase in R is primarily influenced by an increase in Dm and secondarily by an increase in lgNw, whereas for “In-Fa,” the increase in R is mainly influenced by Dm. (2) For both typhoons,Dm increases with R, while μ and λ decrease with R. The lgNw for “Yagi” slightly increases with R, whereas for “In-Fa,” lgNw remains nearly unchanged with R. (3) The convective precipitation of “Yagi” exhibits both continental and oceanic characteristics, with formation mechanisms predominantly involving warm-rain-ice mixed and ice-phase processes. In contrast, “In-Fa” convective precipitation is primarily oceanic, with formation mechanisms mainly driven by collision-growth warm clouds, along with a minor portion of warm-rain-ice mixed processes. (4) Fitting the μ-λ relationship using the least squares method shows that the two fitted curves are close to each other, indicating minimal differences in the μ-λ relationship for the two typhoons upon their initial entry into southern Shandong. (5) Applying the formula Z=300R1.4 tends to slightly overestimate precipitation for “Yagi” while underestimating precipitation for “In-Fa.” The raindrop size distribution of “Yagi” convective clouds is characterised by atypical control, whereas “In-Fa” convective cloud precipitation is characterised by concentration-diameter mixed control.
The rainstorms caused by typhoons are one of the major disasters in China. The raindrop spectrum is the basic microphysical characteristic of precipitation. With the deployment of a large number of precipitation phenomena instruments, the observation and analysis of the raindrop spectrum has become an important way to study the physical characteristics of cloud precipitation. By analysing the raindrop spectrum characteristics of typhoons, the physical process and internal mechanism of cloud precipitation can be deeply explored. In order to analyse the variations in raindrop size distribution (DSD) and integrated parameters of typhoons with similar movement paths under the same geographical conditions, this study examines the heavy rainfall events triggered by typhoons “Yagi” (1814) and “In-Fa” (2106) when they first enter southern Shandong at the Taierzhuang National Meteorological Observatory. Utilising precipitation measurement instruments, automatic meteorological station data, and tropical meteorological best track datasets during the influence periods of the two typhoons, the Gamma distribution parameters, N0 (intercept parameter), μ (shape factor), and λ (slope parameter), as well as the normalised function parameters, Nw (normalised intercept parameter), Dm (mass-weighted mean diameter), NT (raindrop concentration), R (rain rate), and Z (radar reflectivity factor), are computed using the moment method. The relationships and correlations among these parameters are analysed. The results indicate that: (1) Both typhoons exhibit an unimodal raindrop size distribution with concentrations of medium and small raindrops as the main components. For “Yagi,” the increase in R is primarily influenced by an increase in Dm and secondarily by an increase in lgNw, whereas for “In-Fa,” the increase in R is mainly influenced by Dm. (2) For both typhoons,Dm increases with R, while μ and λ decrease with R. The lgNw for “Yagi” slightly increases with R, whereas for “In-Fa,” lgNw remains nearly unchanged with R. (3) The convective precipitation of “Yagi” exhibits both continental and oceanic characteristics, with formation mechanisms predominantly involving warm-rain-ice mixed and ice-phase processes. In contrast, “In-Fa” convective precipitation is primarily oceanic, with formation mechanisms mainly driven by collision-growth warm clouds, along with a minor portion of warm-rain-ice mixed processes. (4) Fitting the μ-λ relationship using the least squares method shows that the two fitted curves are close to each other, indicating minimal differences in the μ-λ relationship for the two typhoons upon their initial entry into southern Shandong. (5) Applying the formula Z=300R1.4 tends to slightly overestimate precipitation for “Yagi” while underestimating precipitation for “In-Fa.” The raindrop size distribution of “Yagi” convective clouds is characterised by atypical control, whereas “In-Fa” convective cloud precipitation is characterised by concentration-diameter mixed control.
6 Analysis of Causes and Mesoscale Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation in Tibet on 24 August 2023
2025, 53(1):61-71.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240068
Abstract:
The causes and mesoscale characteristics of precipitation on 24-26 August 2023, are analysed using ground automatic station observation data, FY-4A satellite observation data, Doppler weather radar data, and ERA-5 reanalysis data. The results show that the heavy precipitation process had the characteristics of long duration, large cumulative rainfall, and wide coverage. During this process, the South Asian high was distributed in a belt-like manner, and the central position controlled the plateau. The shear line was the key influencing system of the heavy precipitation, which provided the necessary water vapour transport and the maintenance mechanism of the convective uplift movement in the middle and low layers for the heavy precipitation weather. The surface convergence line provided a trigger mechanism for the uplift of low-level convection, resulting in heavy precipitation. The establishment and strengthening of the low-level southwest jet stream were conducive to transporting water vapour over the Bay of Bengal to the plateau, providing abundant water vapour for the maintenance of heavy precipitation. Environmental conditions such as a deep wet layer, low LCL and LFC, and weak vertical wind shear had a good indicative effect on the occurrence of severe convective weather. Heavy precipitation mainly occurred in the area with a large reflectance factor in cumulus echoes. When heavy precipitation occurred, the echo intensity reached 50 dBz, and the echo of 50 dBz was located within 3 km and had the characteristics of a low centroid, and there was an obvious mesoscale convergence zone on the middle and low layer velocity map.
The causes and mesoscale characteristics of precipitation on 24-26 August 2023, are analysed using ground automatic station observation data, FY-4A satellite observation data, Doppler weather radar data, and ERA-5 reanalysis data. The results show that the heavy precipitation process had the characteristics of long duration, large cumulative rainfall, and wide coverage. During this process, the South Asian high was distributed in a belt-like manner, and the central position controlled the plateau. The shear line was the key influencing system of the heavy precipitation, which provided the necessary water vapour transport and the maintenance mechanism of the convective uplift movement in the middle and low layers for the heavy precipitation weather. The surface convergence line provided a trigger mechanism for the uplift of low-level convection, resulting in heavy precipitation. The establishment and strengthening of the low-level southwest jet stream were conducive to transporting water vapour over the Bay of Bengal to the plateau, providing abundant water vapour for the maintenance of heavy precipitation. Environmental conditions such as a deep wet layer, low LCL and LFC, and weak vertical wind shear had a good indicative effect on the occurrence of severe convective weather. Heavy precipitation mainly occurred in the area with a large reflectance factor in cumulus echoes. When heavy precipitation occurred, the echo intensity reached 50 dBz, and the echo of 50 dBz was located within 3 km and had the characteristics of a low centroid, and there was an obvious mesoscale convergence zone on the middle and low layer velocity map.
2025, 53(1):72-79.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240046
Abstract:
By making use of the hail observation data from 9 fundamental meteorological observation stations and 87 hail suppression operation points in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia throughout the period spanning from 1970 to 2019, and by means of the application of statistical methods, a meticulous and extensive analysis is carried out on the diverse characteristics of interannual variations, monthly variations, diurnal variations, durations, and spatial distribution of hail in Bayannur City. The resultant findings disclose that: (1) Over the course of the past 50 years, the average annual number of hail days in Bayannur City amounts to 16.4 days. The peak value is an impressive 22.8 days in the 1980s. However, a strikingly pronounced and significant downward trend is readily observable since the dawn of the 21st century, approximately reaching around 10 days. Hail manifests distinct and obvious seasonality. The probability of its occurrence in summer is a considerable 76.44%. Specifically, July witnesses the highest incidence of hailfall. Hail predominantly emerges within the timeframe of 12:00 to 20:00, accounting for a substantial 83.38%. Among these intervals, the highest probability of hailfall occurs precisely from 15:00 to 16:00, attaining an elevated 17.01%. (2) The proportion of hail durations within 5 minutes is the most prominent, constituting a significant 50.20%. The average annual duration of hail demonstrates a discernible upward trend. The duration of hail in July is the longest, with an average of 7.09 minutes. (3) The spatial distribution of hail is characterised by a higher frequency in the south and a relatively lower occurrence in the north. The maximum is 282 days in Urad Front Banner, while the minimum is 80 days in Urad Rear Banner. At the township level, there are 4 hailfall centres with more than 100 days from west to east on the south side of the Yinshan Mountains. In combination with the moving paths of hail clouds, it is of utmost importance to establish additional hail suppression operation points in areas such as Hailiutu and Wujiahe Town in the northern part of Bayannur City. This not only enhances the intensity of artificial hail suppression operations but also effectively minimises the losses caused by hail disasters. Such measures aim to provide more robust protection for agricultural production as well as people’s lives and property, thereby contributing to the stable and sustainable development of the region. It is expected that these efforts will lead to improved meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities, and ultimately promote the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature in this area.
By making use of the hail observation data from 9 fundamental meteorological observation stations and 87 hail suppression operation points in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia throughout the period spanning from 1970 to 2019, and by means of the application of statistical methods, a meticulous and extensive analysis is carried out on the diverse characteristics of interannual variations, monthly variations, diurnal variations, durations, and spatial distribution of hail in Bayannur City. The resultant findings disclose that: (1) Over the course of the past 50 years, the average annual number of hail days in Bayannur City amounts to 16.4 days. The peak value is an impressive 22.8 days in the 1980s. However, a strikingly pronounced and significant downward trend is readily observable since the dawn of the 21st century, approximately reaching around 10 days. Hail manifests distinct and obvious seasonality. The probability of its occurrence in summer is a considerable 76.44%. Specifically, July witnesses the highest incidence of hailfall. Hail predominantly emerges within the timeframe of 12:00 to 20:00, accounting for a substantial 83.38%. Among these intervals, the highest probability of hailfall occurs precisely from 15:00 to 16:00, attaining an elevated 17.01%. (2) The proportion of hail durations within 5 minutes is the most prominent, constituting a significant 50.20%. The average annual duration of hail demonstrates a discernible upward trend. The duration of hail in July is the longest, with an average of 7.09 minutes. (3) The spatial distribution of hail is characterised by a higher frequency in the south and a relatively lower occurrence in the north. The maximum is 282 days in Urad Front Banner, while the minimum is 80 days in Urad Rear Banner. At the township level, there are 4 hailfall centres with more than 100 days from west to east on the south side of the Yinshan Mountains. In combination with the moving paths of hail clouds, it is of utmost importance to establish additional hail suppression operation points in areas such as Hailiutu and Wujiahe Town in the northern part of Bayannur City. This not only enhances the intensity of artificial hail suppression operations but also effectively minimises the losses caused by hail disasters. Such measures aim to provide more robust protection for agricultural production as well as people’s lives and property, thereby contributing to the stable and sustainable development of the region. It is expected that these efforts will lead to improved meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities, and ultimately promote the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature in this area.
2025, 53(1):80-95.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240041
Abstract:
For more than a century, the cloud chamber, which transitions from the early nuclear radiation and particle track detector, becomes an important device to conduct cloud-precipitation physics and weather modification lab experiments. By simulating and studying the formation and evolution process of clouds, accompanied by the interaction between clouds, aerosols, and precipitation under controlled laboratory conditions, the cloud chamber plays an irreplaceable role in the research field of basic scientific theoretical principles and cloud seeding catalytic technologies. China has been carrying out cloud-precipitation physics and weather modification lab experiments for over 60 years and has achieved many important results and gained valuable experience, including the development of a series of isothermal or mixing cloud chambers and detecting cloud-seeding catalysts, which are widely recognised by peers both domestically and internationally. All the efforts of this review aim to provide a useful reference for conducting cloud chamber experiments at a deeper and higher level, and in a wider field in China by discussing the importance of research and development and construction of related experimental facilities. The review explores the history and application of cloud chambers in China since the late 1950s and early 1960s. By comparing cloud-precipitation physics research based on cloud chamber lab experiments in several advanced countries, including the United States, Europe, and other countries, it comprehensively and systematically summarises for the first time the progress made in cloud chamber experiments on the observation of atmospheric ice nuclei, artificial ice nuclei research, especially the detection of the nucleation rate of cloud-seeding catalysts, research and development of seeding materials and tools, as well as the physical mechanisms and processes in China. But at present, the gap between China’s indoor experiments on cloud-precipitation physics and those in related fields abroad is obvious, and we are in a relatively backward situation in terms of the scope and profundity of experiments carried out, the research, development and construction of specialised and comprehensive cloud chambers, the cloud microphysical mechanisms and processes involved in cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions and other cloud microphysical mechanisms, interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary research, and the application, research and development of experimental apparatus. The experimental background environment purification and the automatic operating controls are also in relatively poor states. China faces critical opportunities and challenges. It points out the necessity and urgency of promoting cloud physics experiments with cloud chambers within our country and highlights the urgent need to pay much attention to improving the development of cloud-precipitation physics experimental equipment and techniques.
For more than a century, the cloud chamber, which transitions from the early nuclear radiation and particle track detector, becomes an important device to conduct cloud-precipitation physics and weather modification lab experiments. By simulating and studying the formation and evolution process of clouds, accompanied by the interaction between clouds, aerosols, and precipitation under controlled laboratory conditions, the cloud chamber plays an irreplaceable role in the research field of basic scientific theoretical principles and cloud seeding catalytic technologies. China has been carrying out cloud-precipitation physics and weather modification lab experiments for over 60 years and has achieved many important results and gained valuable experience, including the development of a series of isothermal or mixing cloud chambers and detecting cloud-seeding catalysts, which are widely recognised by peers both domestically and internationally. All the efforts of this review aim to provide a useful reference for conducting cloud chamber experiments at a deeper and higher level, and in a wider field in China by discussing the importance of research and development and construction of related experimental facilities. The review explores the history and application of cloud chambers in China since the late 1950s and early 1960s. By comparing cloud-precipitation physics research based on cloud chamber lab experiments in several advanced countries, including the United States, Europe, and other countries, it comprehensively and systematically summarises for the first time the progress made in cloud chamber experiments on the observation of atmospheric ice nuclei, artificial ice nuclei research, especially the detection of the nucleation rate of cloud-seeding catalysts, research and development of seeding materials and tools, as well as the physical mechanisms and processes in China. But at present, the gap between China’s indoor experiments on cloud-precipitation physics and those in related fields abroad is obvious, and we are in a relatively backward situation in terms of the scope and profundity of experiments carried out, the research, development and construction of specialised and comprehensive cloud chambers, the cloud microphysical mechanisms and processes involved in cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions and other cloud microphysical mechanisms, interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary research, and the application, research and development of experimental apparatus. The experimental background environment purification and the automatic operating controls are also in relatively poor states. China faces critical opportunities and challenges. It points out the necessity and urgency of promoting cloud physics experiments with cloud chambers within our country and highlights the urgent need to pay much attention to improving the development of cloud-precipitation physics experimental equipment and techniques.
2025, 53(1):96-111.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240038
Abstract:
Based on multi-source radar detection data from an artificial hail suppression operation in Kunming City on 10 August 2023, this study analyzes the differences in catalytic effects between rocket-based spatial and linear seeding modes from the perspectives of radar echo morphology, temporal evolution of radar parameters, and theoretical estimation of rocket consumption. The results indicate that after mixed seeding, C-band radar data showed a decrease in radar reflectivity and a reduction in echo top height within the operation area, while spatial seeding was characterised by intensive echo attenuation. X-band dual-polarisation radar revealed that the echo top height correlated with fluctuations in vertically integrated liquid water content, providing valuable insights for determining the optimal timing of operations. Rocket-based spatial seeding was conducted at lower altitudes, but the explosive power enhanced the diffusion of the catalyst, resulting in a short-term decrease in maximum echo intensity and height, while dual-polarisation measurements showed a reduction in the differential reflectivity factor and an expansion of the low differential phase shift rate region. In contrast, rocket linear seeding reached the 0 ℃ isotherm height, and the longer catalytic process contributed to a sustained decrease in echo top height and vertically integrated liquid water content, with the zero-lag correlation coefficient increasing to above 0.9. The individual effects of either linear or spatial seeding were limited, while a combination of both seeding methods enhanced the overall catalytic effect. Theoretical calculations suggested that the nucleation rate was the primary factor influencing the theoretical consumption of rockets without considering factors such as cloud development and ammunition consumption. The BL-1A linear seeding rocket was more likely to achieve excess catalysis than the JFJ-1A spatial seeding rocket. In practice, the catalytic efficiency of single spatial seeding might have been compromised due to deviations in explosion points and limitations in catalytic altitude.
Based on multi-source radar detection data from an artificial hail suppression operation in Kunming City on 10 August 2023, this study analyzes the differences in catalytic effects between rocket-based spatial and linear seeding modes from the perspectives of radar echo morphology, temporal evolution of radar parameters, and theoretical estimation of rocket consumption. The results indicate that after mixed seeding, C-band radar data showed a decrease in radar reflectivity and a reduction in echo top height within the operation area, while spatial seeding was characterised by intensive echo attenuation. X-band dual-polarisation radar revealed that the echo top height correlated with fluctuations in vertically integrated liquid water content, providing valuable insights for determining the optimal timing of operations. Rocket-based spatial seeding was conducted at lower altitudes, but the explosive power enhanced the diffusion of the catalyst, resulting in a short-term decrease in maximum echo intensity and height, while dual-polarisation measurements showed a reduction in the differential reflectivity factor and an expansion of the low differential phase shift rate region. In contrast, rocket linear seeding reached the 0 ℃ isotherm height, and the longer catalytic process contributed to a sustained decrease in echo top height and vertically integrated liquid water content, with the zero-lag correlation coefficient increasing to above 0.9. The individual effects of either linear or spatial seeding were limited, while a combination of both seeding methods enhanced the overall catalytic effect. Theoretical calculations suggested that the nucleation rate was the primary factor influencing the theoretical consumption of rockets without considering factors such as cloud development and ammunition consumption. The BL-1A linear seeding rocket was more likely to achieve excess catalysis than the JFJ-1A spatial seeding rocket. In practice, the catalytic efficiency of single spatial seeding might have been compromised due to deviations in explosion points and limitations in catalytic altitude.
2025, 53(1):112-123.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240034
Abstract:
The assessment of climate ecological resources and product value is an important prerequisite for the value realisation of “China Natural Oxygen Bar”, a climate ecological product. However, currently, site-based climate ecological resource assessment indicators still struggle to reflect the refined advantages of local climate resources. In addition, most studies on the climate ecological product value of the “China Natural Oxygen Bar” mainly focus on its climate advantages, with less consideration on its potential ecological service value, and no effective evaluation indices for climate ecological product service value have been established. Therefore, taking Huairou District in Beijing as an example, this article fully utilises remote sensing data and introduces some remote sensing evaluation indicators such as urban heat island intensity, ecological cold source, and vegetation ecological quality for the first time to optimise and improve the climate and ecological resource evaluation index system of “China Natural Oxygen Bar”. Based on the theory of ecosystem services, a natural oxygen bar ecological service value evaluation index system is constructed from the aspects of carbon sequestration and oxygen release, climate regulation, air purification, water source conservation, and soil and water conservation, and the ecological product service value is estimated. The research results show that the introduction of multiple remote sensing evaluation indicators can help more comprehensively and finely evaluate the climate and ecological resources of Huairou; Huairou has the advantages of climate and ecological resources needed to create a “China Natural Oxygen Bar”. The comfortable climate period lasts for 6 months throughout the year, with 81% of days having good air quality. The air is very fresh, with an average negative (oxygen) ion concentration of 2583/cm3 during the comfortable climate period. In summer, it has cool climate resources with an area proportion of up to 90%, and 88% of the region achieves excellent vegetation ecological quality, with forest coverage (77.5%) and vegetation coverage (75.8%) ranking first among 16 districts in Beijing. The net primary productivity (490.2 g/(m2·a)) is 14% higher than the average in Beijing. The established ecological service value evaluation index system can effectively evaluate the ecological service value of natural oxygen bars. The ecological product service value of Huairou’s “China Natural Oxygen Bar” is 14.3987 billion yuan, accounting for 32% of the region’s GDP that year. Among them, the value of forest climate regulation and air purification accounts for 87.2% of all ecological service values. Compared to the average of Beijing, it has significant regional advantages in ecological service value. These results indicate that the newly established climate ecological assessment system can better reflect the value of “China Natural Oxygen Bar” climate ecological products.
The assessment of climate ecological resources and product value is an important prerequisite for the value realisation of “China Natural Oxygen Bar”, a climate ecological product. However, currently, site-based climate ecological resource assessment indicators still struggle to reflect the refined advantages of local climate resources. In addition, most studies on the climate ecological product value of the “China Natural Oxygen Bar” mainly focus on its climate advantages, with less consideration on its potential ecological service value, and no effective evaluation indices for climate ecological product service value have been established. Therefore, taking Huairou District in Beijing as an example, this article fully utilises remote sensing data and introduces some remote sensing evaluation indicators such as urban heat island intensity, ecological cold source, and vegetation ecological quality for the first time to optimise and improve the climate and ecological resource evaluation index system of “China Natural Oxygen Bar”. Based on the theory of ecosystem services, a natural oxygen bar ecological service value evaluation index system is constructed from the aspects of carbon sequestration and oxygen release, climate regulation, air purification, water source conservation, and soil and water conservation, and the ecological product service value is estimated. The research results show that the introduction of multiple remote sensing evaluation indicators can help more comprehensively and finely evaluate the climate and ecological resources of Huairou; Huairou has the advantages of climate and ecological resources needed to create a “China Natural Oxygen Bar”. The comfortable climate period lasts for 6 months throughout the year, with 81% of days having good air quality. The air is very fresh, with an average negative (oxygen) ion concentration of 2583/cm3 during the comfortable climate period. In summer, it has cool climate resources with an area proportion of up to 90%, and 88% of the region achieves excellent vegetation ecological quality, with forest coverage (77.5%) and vegetation coverage (75.8%) ranking first among 16 districts in Beijing. The net primary productivity (490.2 g/(m2·a)) is 14% higher than the average in Beijing. The established ecological service value evaluation index system can effectively evaluate the ecological service value of natural oxygen bars. The ecological product service value of Huairou’s “China Natural Oxygen Bar” is 14.3987 billion yuan, accounting for 32% of the region’s GDP that year. Among them, the value of forest climate regulation and air purification accounts for 87.2% of all ecological service values. Compared to the average of Beijing, it has significant regional advantages in ecological service value. These results indicate that the newly established climate ecological assessment system can better reflect the value of “China Natural Oxygen Bar” climate ecological products.
2025, 53(1):124-134.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240053
Abstract:
Zhengzhou, a pivotal city in the Central Plains region, witnesses rapid urban development, accompanied by swift transformations in its urban underlying surfaces, exposure levels, and spatial distribution of precipitation patterns. As a result, urban waterlogging incidents become a frequent occurrence, posing significant challenges to the city’s resilience. Recognising this, it becomes imperative to conduct a scientific and objective assessment of the risk of urban waterlogging disasters. This assessment seeks to establish a robust scientific basis and foundation that can inform urban flood control strategies, guide disaster risk management practices, and facilitate the planning and development of sponge city initiatives in Zhengzhou. To comprehensively evaluate the risk of urban waterlogging in Zhengzhou’s central urban area, this study adopts a method that integrates the CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) objective weighting technique with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). This combined approach leverages the mechanism of urban waterlogging disasters and incorporates relevant data such as terrain features, precipitation patterns in recent years, and the latest economic development indicators. By applying this rigorous method, the study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the risk of rainstorm waterlogging in the study area. The results show that the high and secondary high-risk areas of urban waterlogging disasters in Zhengzhou’s central urban area are primarily concentrated in Erqi District, the northwest and eastern regions of Guancheng District, and the southern part of Jinshui District. Notably, Erqi District exhibits the highest average disaster-causing risk index among all districts, reaching the level of secondary high risk. In contrast, Guancheng District and Jinshui District exhibit an average risk level that is moderate. To validate the robustness of the assessment results, major waterlogging events in recent years are analysed for verification. The analysis demonstrates that 44.2% of the waterlogging points are located within the high and secondary high-risk areas of waterlogging, while 77.3% are situated in areas with risks above the moderate level. Furthermore, through detailed case analysis, it is observed that the majority of waterlogging points during the waterlogging process align closely with the moderate and high-risk areas of urban waterlogging, indicating a high degree of accuracy and reliability in the assessment method. The evaluation results presented in this study effectively reflect the distribution of waterlogging disaster risks in Zhengzhou’s central urban area. Specifically, in Erqi District, the northwest of Guancheng District, and the south of Jinshui District, where waterlogging points are concentrated and exhibit the highest density, the risk levels are consistent with the secondary high risk and above of waterlogging disasters. This strong correlation between the assessment results and actual waterlogging incidents underscores the reliability and validity of the assessment method used in this study. Consequently, these findings can provide valuable insights and guidance for urban flood control strategies, disaster risk management practices, and the planning and development of sponge city initiatives in Zhengzhou.
Zhengzhou, a pivotal city in the Central Plains region, witnesses rapid urban development, accompanied by swift transformations in its urban underlying surfaces, exposure levels, and spatial distribution of precipitation patterns. As a result, urban waterlogging incidents become a frequent occurrence, posing significant challenges to the city’s resilience. Recognising this, it becomes imperative to conduct a scientific and objective assessment of the risk of urban waterlogging disasters. This assessment seeks to establish a robust scientific basis and foundation that can inform urban flood control strategies, guide disaster risk management practices, and facilitate the planning and development of sponge city initiatives in Zhengzhou. To comprehensively evaluate the risk of urban waterlogging in Zhengzhou’s central urban area, this study adopts a method that integrates the CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) objective weighting technique with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). This combined approach leverages the mechanism of urban waterlogging disasters and incorporates relevant data such as terrain features, precipitation patterns in recent years, and the latest economic development indicators. By applying this rigorous method, the study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the risk of rainstorm waterlogging in the study area. The results show that the high and secondary high-risk areas of urban waterlogging disasters in Zhengzhou’s central urban area are primarily concentrated in Erqi District, the northwest and eastern regions of Guancheng District, and the southern part of Jinshui District. Notably, Erqi District exhibits the highest average disaster-causing risk index among all districts, reaching the level of secondary high risk. In contrast, Guancheng District and Jinshui District exhibit an average risk level that is moderate. To validate the robustness of the assessment results, major waterlogging events in recent years are analysed for verification. The analysis demonstrates that 44.2% of the waterlogging points are located within the high and secondary high-risk areas of waterlogging, while 77.3% are situated in areas with risks above the moderate level. Furthermore, through detailed case analysis, it is observed that the majority of waterlogging points during the waterlogging process align closely with the moderate and high-risk areas of urban waterlogging, indicating a high degree of accuracy and reliability in the assessment method. The evaluation results presented in this study effectively reflect the distribution of waterlogging disaster risks in Zhengzhou’s central urban area. Specifically, in Erqi District, the northwest of Guancheng District, and the south of Jinshui District, where waterlogging points are concentrated and exhibit the highest density, the risk levels are consistent with the secondary high risk and above of waterlogging disasters. This strong correlation between the assessment results and actual waterlogging incidents underscores the reliability and validity of the assessment method used in this study. Consequently, these findings can provide valuable insights and guidance for urban flood control strategies, disaster risk management practices, and the planning and development of sponge city initiatives in Zhengzhou.
2025, 53(1):135-144.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20240098
Abstract:
Panzhihua City’s unique climatic resources are exceptionally suitable for mango cultivation. Since the experimental planting in the 1970s, it has become China’s and even the world’s highest-altitude, highest-latitude, and latest-maturing large-scale mango production base. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for fully utilising Panzhihua’s climatic resources, rationally planning the mango industry layout, and promoting high and stable mango yields. Utilising comprehensive meteorological data from 1993 to 2022 from four national stations and 26 regional stations in Panzhihua City, along with detailed mango growth period observation data, Panzhihua digital elevation model, and precise township boundaries, this research thoroughly considers both climate and topography factors. Nine critical suitability indicators are carefully selected: mean temperature of the coldest month, annual extreme minimum temperature, annual mean temperature, accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 ℃, average temperature during flowering period, number of days with maximum temperature of ≥ 35 ℃ during flowering period, rainy days during flowering period, slope, and aspect. Advanced spatial distribution models for climate suitability indicators and a comprehensive ecological suitability model are meticulously established. The Analytic Hierarchy Process and comprehensive ecological suitability method are rigorously employed, utilising state-of-the-art GIS technology to complete a refined zoning of comprehensive climatic suitability for mango cultivation in Panzhihua. The meteorological indicators affecting mango cultivation distribution are first systematically classified, dividing the entire city into plantable and non-plantable areas. Within the plantable areas, climate and topography are comprehensively considered to further delineate the most suitable, suitable, and marginally suitable zones with high precision. Results indicate that the vast majority of Panzhihua’s regions provide sufficient heat for mango growth and development throughout the year. The mean temperature of the coldest month and the annual extreme minimum temperature are identified as the key climatic factors constraining mango planting distribution. This implies that the primary consideration in production and planting should be whether mangoes can safely overwinter in specific locations. The advantageous planting areas (most suitable and suitable zones) account for 33% of the total area, strategically distributed along major rivers at elevations below 1600 m. Marginally suitable zones, located between suitable and non-plantable areas, comprise 17% of the area and face higher meteorological risks, requiring careful management. Non-plantable areas constitute 50%, with most regions above 1750 m in the north and 2000 m in the south being unsuitable for cultivation due to unfavourable climatic conditions. The zoning results are preliminarily verified through field studies and generally align with actual planting situations, providing a reliable reference for future mango industry development in Panzhihua.
Panzhihua City’s unique climatic resources are exceptionally suitable for mango cultivation. Since the experimental planting in the 1970s, it has become China’s and even the world’s highest-altitude, highest-latitude, and latest-maturing large-scale mango production base. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for fully utilising Panzhihua’s climatic resources, rationally planning the mango industry layout, and promoting high and stable mango yields. Utilising comprehensive meteorological data from 1993 to 2022 from four national stations and 26 regional stations in Panzhihua City, along with detailed mango growth period observation data, Panzhihua digital elevation model, and precise township boundaries, this research thoroughly considers both climate and topography factors. Nine critical suitability indicators are carefully selected: mean temperature of the coldest month, annual extreme minimum temperature, annual mean temperature, accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 ℃, average temperature during flowering period, number of days with maximum temperature of ≥ 35 ℃ during flowering period, rainy days during flowering period, slope, and aspect. Advanced spatial distribution models for climate suitability indicators and a comprehensive ecological suitability model are meticulously established. The Analytic Hierarchy Process and comprehensive ecological suitability method are rigorously employed, utilising state-of-the-art GIS technology to complete a refined zoning of comprehensive climatic suitability for mango cultivation in Panzhihua. The meteorological indicators affecting mango cultivation distribution are first systematically classified, dividing the entire city into plantable and non-plantable areas. Within the plantable areas, climate and topography are comprehensively considered to further delineate the most suitable, suitable, and marginally suitable zones with high precision. Results indicate that the vast majority of Panzhihua’s regions provide sufficient heat for mango growth and development throughout the year. The mean temperature of the coldest month and the annual extreme minimum temperature are identified as the key climatic factors constraining mango planting distribution. This implies that the primary consideration in production and planting should be whether mangoes can safely overwinter in specific locations. The advantageous planting areas (most suitable and suitable zones) account for 33% of the total area, strategically distributed along major rivers at elevations below 1600 m. Marginally suitable zones, located between suitable and non-plantable areas, comprise 17% of the area and face higher meteorological risks, requiring careful management. Non-plantable areas constitute 50%, with most regions above 1750 m in the north and 2000 m in the south being unsuitable for cultivation due to unfavourable climatic conditions. The zoning results are preliminarily verified through field studies and generally align with actual planting situations, providing a reliable reference for future mango industry development in Panzhihua.
2025, 53(1):145-152.
DOI: 10.19517/j.1671-6345.20230438
Abstract:
Outdoor sports events, opening ceremonies, concerts, and other activities are greatly constrained by weather conditions and require high accuracy and timeliness of meteorological forecast and warning information. Therefore, meteorological service guarantee becomes an essential component of the organisation, implementation, and operation system of major events such as the Olympic games and the Asian games. This article introduces the construction overview of the comprehensive command platform for meteorological support services for the 19th Asian games in Hangzhou and elaborates in detail on the platform’s system architecture, key technologies, main functions, and application situation. The platform adopts the SpringCloud microservice architecture design and utilises development technologies such as component-based development and RPA system integration to achieve rapid customised development and rolling iteration. Based on the Tianqing big data cloud platform of the China Meteorological Administration, it realises the aggregation and fusion of various Asian games meteorological data applications, successfully completing the meteorological support services for Asian games events and providing reference for meteorological departments to build relevant major event meteorological command and support systems.
Outdoor sports events, opening ceremonies, concerts, and other activities are greatly constrained by weather conditions and require high accuracy and timeliness of meteorological forecast and warning information. Therefore, meteorological service guarantee becomes an essential component of the organisation, implementation, and operation system of major events such as the Olympic games and the Asian games. This article introduces the construction overview of the comprehensive command platform for meteorological support services for the 19th Asian games in Hangzhou and elaborates in detail on the platform’s system architecture, key technologies, main functions, and application situation. The platform adopts the SpringCloud microservice architecture design and utilises development technologies such as component-based development and RPA system integration to achieve rapid customised development and rolling iteration. Based on the Tianqing big data cloud platform of the China Meteorological Administration, it realises the aggregation and fusion of various Asian games meteorological data applications, successfully completing the meteorological support services for Asian games events and providing reference for meteorological departments to build relevant major event meteorological command and support systems.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.